体液沸騰症
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/18 20:27:34」(JST)
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Not to be confused with Embolism.
Ebullism is the formation of gas bubbles in bodily fluids due to reduced environmental pressure, for example at high altitude. It occurs because a system of liquid and gas at equilibrium will see a net conversion of liquid to gas as pressure lowers, for example, liquids reach their boiling point at lower temperatures when the pressure on them is lowered.
Contents
- 1 Description
- 2 Symptoms
- 3 Prevention
- 4 See also
- 5 References
Description
In the atmospheric pressure present at sea level, water boils at 100 °C (212°F). At an altitude of 63,000 feet (18,900 m), it boils at only 37 °C (98.6 °F), the normal body temperature of humans. This altitude is known as Armstrong’s Line.[1] In practice bodily fluids do not boil off at this altitude. This is because the skin and outer organs have enough strength to withstand this pressure,[2] thus pressure inside the body would be significantly higher—however, bubbles starting to form is still an issue.
Symptoms
Symptoms of ebullism[3] include bubbles in the membranes of the mouth and eyes, swelling of the skin, and bubbles in the blood. Blood circulation and breathing may be impaired or stopped. The brain tissue may be starved of oxygen because of blockage of arteries, and the lungs may swell and hemorrhage. Death results unless recompression is rapid enough to reduce the bubbles before tissue damage occurs.
Prevention
To prevent ebullism, a pure oxygen (O2) atmosphere was used in early space flights to eliminate nitrogen in the blood. However other risks associated with using pure O2 as a breathing gas caused its abrupt termination by NASA after the death of three astronauts in a fire resulting from its use on Apollo 1.[4] Russian cosmonauts used pure oxygen before changing to a higher-pressure nitrox mixture, leading to incompatibility problems in 1975 on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.[5] Space suits are often pressurized to several psi lower than stations' capsules or shuttles and since they still use pure O2, an acclimation period is common in the airlock to remove nitrogen and other gases from the bloodstream.
See also
- Decompression sickness
- Uncontrolled decompression
References
- ^ Davis, Jeffrey R., Johnson, Robert, and Stepanek,Jan, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, 4th Edition (2008), p. 252.
- ^ Landis, Geoffrey A., "Human Exposure to Vacuum" (Retrieved 2010-02-16).
- ^ Czarnik, Tam, "Ebullism at 1 Million Feet" (Retrieved 2010-02-16).
- ^ Garber, Steve (18 January 2007). "NASA Apollo Mission Apollo-1". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ^ Lethbridge, Cliff (2000). "Apollo-Soyuz Test Project". Spaceline. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
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Space medicine
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| Main areas |
- Artificial gravity
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- Bioastronautics
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- Space food
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| Illness and injuries |
- Asthenization
- Ebullism
- Illness and injuries during spaceflight
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- Space adaptation syndrome
- Space and survival
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- Aerospace Medical Association
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute
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- Adverse health effects from lunar dust exposure
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English Journal
- Emergency medical support for a manned stratospheric balloon test program.
- Blue RS1, Norton SC2, Law J3, Pattarini JM1, Antonsen EL4, Garbino A4, Clark JB5, Turney MW6.
- Prehospital and disaster medicine.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 Oct;29(5):532-7. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X14000958. Epub 2014 Sep 5.
- Introduction Red Bull Stratos was a commercial program that brought a test parachutist, protected by a full-pressure suit, in a stratospheric balloon with pressurized capsule to over 127,582 ft (38,969 m), from which he free fell and subsequently parachuted to the ground. Given that the major risks
- PMID 25191748
- Pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of ebullism.
- Murray DH1, Pilmanis AA, Blue RS, Pattarini JM, Law J, Bayne CG, Turney MW, Clark JB.
- Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.Aviat Space Environ Med.2013 Feb;84(2):89-96.
- INTRODUCTION: Ebullism is the spontaneous evolution of liquid water in tissues to water vapor at body temperature when the ambient pressure is 47 mmHg or less. While injuries secondary to ebullism are generally considered fatal, some reports have described recovery after exposure to near vacuum for
- PMID 23447845
- Tumor necrosis by controlled ebullism.
- Babich A.
- Medical hypotheses.Med Hypotheses.2005;64(2):318-9.
- In the early days of manned space flight, experiments were done in which dogs and chimpanzees were exposed to near vacuum in anticipation of possible manned space flight accidents. These specimens experienced what was termed "ebullism". This syndrome involved boiling of body fluids resulting in extr
- PMID 15607564
Related Links
- Ebullism is the formation of gas bubbles in bodily fluids due to reduced environmental pressure, for example at high altitude. It occurs because a system of liquid and gas at equilibrium will see a net conversion of liquid to gas as pressure ...
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- 英
- ebullism
- 63000フィート以上(1万8千9百メートル以上)では体温37℃でも体液が沸騰すること。この高度はArmstrong's Lineとして知られている。(実際には皮膚や外部の臓器が体内を加圧しているからということかこの高度で沸騰することはない？)(参考1)
- 症状：口内、眼の気泡、皮膚の腫脹、血液内の気泡。血液循環と呼吸が停止。脳は血行が途絶え酸素不足に陥り、肺は腫脹して出血。すぐに加圧しなければ死にいたる。(参考1)
参考
- http://www.geoffreylandis.com/ebullism.html