エボナイト、硬質ゴム

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エボナイト

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/23 18:42:43」(JST)

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Ebonite applications

Ebonite was a brand name for very hard rubber first obtained by Charles Goodyear by vulcanizing rubber for prolonged periods. It is about 30% to 40% sulfur. Its name comes from its intended use as an artificial substitute for ebony wood. The material is known generically as hard rubber and has formerly been called "vulcanite",^[1] although that name now refers to the mineral vulcanite.

Applications

Green/black rippled ebonite fountain pen

It is often used in bowling balls, electric plugs, smoking pipe mouthpieces, fountain pen bodies and nib feeds, saxophone and clarinet mouthpieces as well as complete clarinets (barrels/upper & lower joints/bells). Hard rubber is often seen as the wheel material in casters. It is also commonly used in physics classrooms to demonstrate static electricity.

Hard rubber was used in the cases of automobile batteries for years, thus establishing black as their traditional colour even long after stronger modern plastics were substituted. It is used in hair combs made by Ace, part of Newell Rubbermaid, which survive, essentially unchanged, from the days of the US Civil War. Ebonite is used as an anticorrosive lining for various (mainly storage) vessels that contain hydrochloric acid. It forms bubbles when storing hydrofluoric acid at temperatures above room temperature, or for prolonged durations.

Properties

The material is brittle, which produces problems in its use in battery cases for example, where the integrity of the case is vital to prevent leakage of sulfuric acid. It has now been generally replaced by carbon black-filled polypropylene.

Contamination

Ebonite contamination was problematic when it was used for electronics. The ebonite was rolled between metal foil sheets, which were peeled off, leaving traces of metal behind. For electronic use the surface was ground to remove metal particles.

History

Charles Goodyear's brother Nelson Goodyear experimented with the chemistry of ebonite composites. In 1851 he used zinc oxide as a filler.^[2]

References

^ Merriam-Webster (2002) [1961], "vulcanite", Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged (Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster).
^ Seymour, Raymond Benedict; Deaning, Rudolph D. (1987). History of Polymeric Composites. VSP. p. 374.

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English Journal

Effects of cross-links, pressure and temperature on the thermal properties and glass transition behaviour of polybutadiene.

Tonpheng B1, Yu J, Andersson O.
Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.Phys Chem Chem Phys.2011 Sep 7;13(33):15047-54. doi: 10.1039/c1cp20785g. Epub 2011 Jul 21.
The thermal conductivity κ, heat capacity per unit volume ρc(p) and glass transition behaviour under pressure have been established for medium and high vinyl content polybutadiene PB with molecular weights 2600 and 100,000 and their highly cross-linked (ebonite) states obtained purely by high-pres
PMID 21776516

Consecutive monitoring of lifelong production of conidia by individual conidiophores of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei on barley leaves by digital microscopic techniques with electrostatic micromanipulation.

Moriura N1, Matsuda Y, Oichi W, Nakashima S, Hirai T, Sameshima T, Nonomura T, Kakutani K, Kusakari S, Higashi K, Toyoda H.
Mycological research.Mycol Res.2006 Jan;110(Pt 1):18-27. Epub 2005 Dec 27.
Conidial formation and secession by living conidiophores of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei on barley leaves were consecutively monitored using a high-fidelity digital microscopic technique combined with electrostatic micromanipulation to trap the released conidia. Conidial chains formed on conidiop
PMID 16378716
PMID 3248215

Japanese Journal

ボールペンの教材化--旋削加工教材の開発

垣本徹,寸村剛
大阪教育大学紀要第5部門教科教育 59(2), 53-62, 2011-02
… In addition we tried the ebonite resin for the material. …
NAID 120002808725

Resistance of some canola cultivars to Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

, ,
Applied Entomology and Zoology 45(4), 601-608, 2010
… persicae was higher on Zarfam and lower on Ebonite, Elite, Okapi, RGS003, and Opera among the 19 canola cultivars during 2008 and 2009. …
NAID 130000399117

エボナイトを用いた臨界事故時における中性子被ばく線量の評価

辻村憲雄,三上智,吉田忠義 [他],高田千恵
保健物理 : hoken buturi 40(3), 267-276, 2005-09
… The authors studied the feasibility of utilizing ebonite as a personal neutron dosemeter in criticality accidents. … A disc-shaped ebonite, a hard rubber containing 30 wt% sulfur, can be used as a highly effective criticality neutron dosemeter because of a simplicity of measurements of beta activity arising from ^<32>S(n, p)^<32>P reactions. …
NAID 110003500257