WordNet

acting with vigor; "responsibility turned the spoiled playboy into a driving young executive"
the act of controlling and steering the movement of a vehicle or animal
having the power of driving or impelling; "a driving personal ambition"; "the driving force was his innate enthusiasm"; "an impulsive force" (同)impulsive
a wheel that drives a motor vehicle (transforms torque into a tractive force)
(golf) the long iron with the most nearly vertical face (同)one iron
a belt that carries motion from a motor to the machinery
a school where people are taught to drive automobiles

PrepTutorEJDIC

推進する,伝動の,駆動の / 猛烈な,激しい / 精力的な,勢いのよい / 効果的な,強力な / (自動車)運転の
=driver's license

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/20 10:30:47」(JST)

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In 1899 an automobile was driven to the summit of Mount Washington for the first time.

Driving is the controlled operation and movement of a vehicle, such as a car, carriage, truck or bus.

History

The world's first long distance road trip by automobile^[1] took place in Germany in August 1888 when Bertha Benz, the wife of Karl Benz, the inventor of the first patented motor car (the Benz Patent-Motorwagen), travelled from Mannheim to Pforzheim^[2] (a distance of 106 km or 66 miles)^[3] and back in the third experimental Benz motor car, which had a maximum speed of 10 mph or 16 km/h, with her two teenage sons Richard and Eugen but without the consent and knowledge of her husband. Her official reason was that she wanted to visit her mother, but unofficially she intended to generate publicity for her husband's invention, which had only been taken on short test drives before. The automobile took off greatly afterwards and the Benz's family business eventually evolved into the present day Mercedes-Benz company.^[4]

In 1899, F. O. Stanley and his wife Flora drove their Stanley Steamer automobile, sometimes called a locomobile, to the summit of Mount Washington in New Hampshire in the United States to generate publicity for their automobile.^[5] The 7.6-mile (12.2 km) journey took over two hours (not counting time to add more water); the descent was accomplished by putting the engine in low gear and doing lots of braking.^[5]

Driveability

Driveability of a vehicle means the smooth delivery of power, as demanded by the driver. Typical causes of driveability degradation are rough idling, misfiring, surging, hesitation, or insufficient power.^[6]

Driving skills

Driving in traffic is more than just knowing how to operate the mechanisms which control the vehicle; it requires knowing how to apply the rules of the road (which govern safe and efficient sharing with other users). An effective driver also has an intuitive understanding of the basics of vehicle handling and can drive responsibly.

Although direct operation of a bicycle and a mounted animal are commonly referred to as riding, such operators are legally considered drivers and are required to obey the rules of the road. Driving over a long distance is referred to as a road trip.

Driving as a physical skill

A driver must have physical skills to be able to control direction, acceleration, and deceleration. For motor vehicles, the detailed tasks include: ^[7]

Starting the vehicle's engine with the starting system
Setting the transmission to the correct gear
Depressing the pedals with one's feet to accelerate, slow, and stop the vehicle, and if the vehicle is equipped with a manual transmission, to modulate the clutch
Steering the vehicle's direction with the steering wheel
Operating other important ancillary devices such as the indicators, headlights, and windshield wipers
Observing the environment for hazards

Driving as a mental skill

Driving as a mental skill is like a constantly re-adjusting flowchart.

Avoiding or successfully handling an emergency driving situation can involve the following skills: ^[8]

Making good decisions based on factors such as road and traffic conditions
Evasive maneuvering
Proper hand placement and seating position
Skid control
Steering and braking techniques
Understanding vehicle dynamics

Distractions can compromise a driver's mental skills. One study on the subject of mobile phones and driving safety concluded that, after controlling for driving difficulty and time on task, drivers talking on a phone exhibited greater impairment than drivers who were suffering from alcohol intoxication.^[9]

Another survey indicated that music could affect adversely a driver's concentration.^[10]

Seizure disorders and Alzheimer's disease are among the leading medical causes of mental impairment among drivers in the United States and Europe.^[11] Whether or not physicians should be allowed, or even required, to report such conditions to state authorities, remains highly controversial.^[11]

Driving laws

A driver is subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which he or she is driving. The rules of the road, driver licensing and vehicle registration schemes vary considerably between jurisdictions, as do laws imposing criminal responsibility for negligent driving, vehicle safety inspections and compulsory insurance. Most countries also have differing laws against driving whilst under the influence of alcohol or other drugs.

Most countries require a vision screening test for individuals to acquire or renew a driver's license.^{[citation needed]} A 2010 systematic review^[12] found insufficient evidence to assess the effects of vision screening tests on subsequent motor vehicle crash reduction. The review concluded that there is a need to develop valid and reliable tools of vision screening that can predict driving performance.

Motorists are almost universally required to take lessons with an approved instructor and to pass a driving test before being granted a license. Almost all countries allow all adults with good vision and health to apply to take a driving test and, if successful, to drive on public roads. Saudi Arabia, however, bans women from driving vehicles (whether pedal or motor powered) on public roads.^{[citation needed]} Saudi women have periodically staged driving protests against these restrictions.

In many countries, even after passing one's driving test, new motorists are initially subject to special restrictions. For example, in Australia, novice drivers are required to carry "P" ("provisional") plates, and are subject to alcohol limits, and other restrictions, for their first two years of driving. Many U.S. states now issue graduated drivers' licenses to novice minors. Typically, newly licensed minors may not drive or operate a motorized vehicle at night or with a passenger other than family members. The duration of the restriction varies from six months to until the driver is 18 years old. This is due to the mental aptitude of a young or unexperienced driver not being fully developed.^[13]

References

^ The First Road Trip
^ Making of 'Carl & Bertha' (German TV-Film)
^ GPS-Download Outbound Trip
^ The Car is Born documentary
^ ^a ^b CHRISTOPHER JENSEN (June 17, 2011). "Taming a Mountain Road With Horses and Cars". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-29. "That was the day that F. O. Stanley and his wife, Flora, decided it would be good publicity for their steam-powered Stanley Locomobile if it were the first car to be driven up the 7.6-mile Mount Washington Carriage Road."
^ State of California AIR RESOURCES BOARD
^ "Getting moving". Driving Test Advice.
^ "Think driving is all about practical skills?". Easy to Drive.
^ Strayer, David; Drews, Frank; Crouch, Dennis (2003). "Fatal Distraction? A Comparison of the Cell-Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver" (PDF). University of Utah Department of Psychology.
^ Hard-Rock and Classic Music Could Lead to Road Accidents, New Survey Says
^ ^a ^b Jacob M. Appel "Must Physicians Report Impaired Driving? Rethinking a Duty on a Collision Course with Itself" Journal of Clinical Ethics Volume 20 Number 2.
^ Desapriya, E.; Wijeratne, H.; Subzwari, S.; Babul-Wellar, S.; Turcotte, K.; Rajabali, F.; Kinney, J.; Pike, I. (2011). "Vision screening of older drivers for preventing road traffic injuries and fatalities". In Desapriya, Ediriweera. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006252.pub3. edit
^ "Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) Laws". July 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-22.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Driving.

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Driving

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Driving.

Driving and Safety at DMOZ

UpToDate Contents

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1. 高齢ドライバーの評価に対するアプローチ approach to the evaluation of older drivers
2. 商業用運転免許の試験 commercial drivers license examination
3. 痙攣発作およびてんかんを有する患者に対する自動車運転の制限 driving restrictions for patients with seizures and epilepsy
4. 植込み型除細動器装着患者における運転の制限 driving restrictions in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator
5. 失神患者のマネージメント management of the patient with syncope

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