WordNet

a substance prepared according to a formula; "the physician prescribed a commercial preparation of the medicine" (同)preparation
the style of expressing yourself; "he suggested a better formulation"; "his manner of expression showed how much he cared" (同)expression
develop into a distinctive entity; "our plans began to take shape" (同)take form, take shape, spring
assume a form or shape; "the water formed little beads"
the visual appearance of something or someone; "the delicate cast of his features" (同)shape, cast
a mold for setting concrete; "they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation"
a particular mode in which something is manifested; "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility"
a perceptual structure; "the composition presents problems for students of musical form"; "a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them" (同)shape, pattern
(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups; "a new strain of microorganisms" (同)variant, strain, var.
the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something; "the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached" (同)word form, signifier, descriptor
a printed document with spaces in which to write; "he filled out his tax form"
an ability to perform well; "he was at the top of his form"; "the team was off form last night"
an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse; "the essay was in the form of a dialogue"; "he first sketches the plot in outline form"
to compose or represent:"This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"; "This makes a fine introduction" (同)constitute, make
create (as an entity); "social groups form everywhere"; "They formed a company" (同)organize, organise
having or given a form or shape

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉公式化 / 〈C〉明確な表現
〈C〉〈U〉(色・材質に対して)『形』,形状,姿 / 〈C〉『人体』,体つき / 〈C〉〈U〉『外観』,格好,人影 / 〈C〉〈U〉(ものの現れる)『形態』,形式 / 〈C〉(生物などの)『種類』,品種 / 〈U〉(芸術作品の)表現形式 / 〈U〉(特にスポーツで)(競技者の)フォーム / 〈U〉(心身の)調子,元気 / 〈C〉(印刷された)書き込み用紙,ひな形 / 〈U〉《話》(ある集団などの)やり方,仕方,方式 / 〈C〉〈U〉しきたり,伝統的な儀式 / 〈C〉(英国の学校・米国のある学校で)学年,学級 / 〈U〉〈C〉(意味に対する)形態,形;語形 / 〈C〉(通例寄りかかりのない)長い木のいす / 〈素材〉‘に'形を与える,(…に)…‘を'形作る《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / (素材から)…‘を'形作る《+『名』+『out of』+『名』》 / …‘を'組織する,構成する / 〈考えなど〉‘を'まとめる,思い付く;〈計画など〉‘を'立てる / 〈習慣など〉‘を'身に付ける;〈交際など〉‘を'結ぶ / 〈文章など〉‘を'組み立てる;〈複数形など〉‘を'作る / (ある順序に)配列する,整列させる / 〈物が〉形を成す / 生じる,現れる / (…に)なる《+『into』+『名』》
《時間・距離》『…の間』 / 《利益・貢献》『…のために』 / 《適応・用途》『…向きの(に);』…用の(に);…のための(に) / 《目的・意向》『…のために,』に / 《敬意・記念》『…のために;』…を記念して / 《獲得・追求》『…を得るために』,を求めて / 《行く先・方向》『…あてに;』…[方面]行きの,に向けて / 《交換・報償など》『…に対して』;…と引き換えに;…のお返しに / 《原因・理由》『…のために』,なので / 《代理・代表》『…の代わりに;』…を代表して / 《形容詞の後に用いて》『…にとって,』には / 《比較級の後に用いて》『…の結果として,』…のために / 《対比》『…としては,』のわりには / 《関連》『…について,』の点では / 《資格・属性》『…として』 / 《賛成・支持》…『に賛成して』,を支持して / 《傾向・好み》…『に対する』,には / 《模倣》《おもに米》《英文》…の名を取って(after) / 《割合》…に対して / 《『for』+『名』〈人〉+『to』 doの形で,〈人〉が不定詞to doの意味上の主語を表して》…が(…することは,…するために) / […というのは]…だから
〈C〉《通例a~》1回分の投薬量 / 〈U〉《まれ》投薬

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/28 14:53:55」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are essentially pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, typically involving a mixture of active drug components and nondrug components (excipients), along with other non-reusable material that may not be considered either ingredient or packaging (such as a capsule shell, for example). The term unit dose can also sometimes encompass non-reusable packaging as well (especially when each drug product is individually packaged^[1]), although the FDA distinguishes that by unit-dose "packaging" or "dispensing".^[2] Depending on the context, multi(ple) unit dose can refer to distinct drug products packaged together, or to a single drug product containing multiple drugs and/or doses. The term dosage form can also sometimes refer only to the pharmaceutical formulation of a drug product's constituent drug substance(s) and any blends involved, without considering matters beyond that (like how it is ultimately configured as a consumable product such as a capsule, patch, etc.). Because of the somewhat vague boundaries and unclear overlap of these terms and certain variants and qualifiers thereof within the pharmaceutical industry, caution is often advisable when conversing with someone who may be unfamiliar with another person's use of the term.

Depending on the method/route of administration, dosage forms come in several types. These include many kinds of liquid, solid, and semisolid dosage forms. Common dosage forms include pill, tablet, or capsule, drink or syrup, and natural or herbal form such as plant or food of sorts, among many others. Notably, the route of administration (ROA) for drug delivery is dependent on the dosage form of the substance in question. A liquid dosage form is the liquid form of a dose of a chemical compound used as a drug or medication intended for administration or consumption.

Various dosage forms may exist for a single particular drug, since different medical conditions can warrant different routes of administration. For example, persistent nausea and emesis or vomiting may make it difficult to use an oral dosage form, and in such a case, it may be necessary to use an alternative route such as inhalational, buccal, sublingual, nasal, suppository or parenteral instead. Additionally, a specific dosage form may be a requirement for certain kinds of drugs, as there may be issues with various factors like chemical stability or pharmacokinetics. As an example, insulin cannot be given orally because upon being administered in this manner, it is extensively metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) before reaching the blood stream, and is thereby incapable of sufficiently reaching its therapeutic target destinations. The oral and intravenous doses of a drug such as paracetamol will differ for the same reason.^[3]

Types

Oral

Pill, i.e. tablet or capsule syrups
Specialty tablet like buccal, sub-lingual, or orally-disintegrating
Thin film (e.g., Listerine Pocketpaks)
Liquid solution or suspension (e.g., drink or syrup)
Powder or liquid or solid crystals
Natural or herbal plant, seed, or food of sorts (e.g., marijuana such as that found in "Space Cake")
Pastes (e.g., Toothpaste)

Ophthalmic

Drops
Cream
Liquid solution

Inhalational

Aerosol
Inhaler
Nebulizer
Smoking
Vaporizer

Parenteral

Intradermal (ID)
Subcutaneous (SC)
Intramuscular (IM)
Intraosseous (IO)
Intraperitoneal (IP)
Intravenous(IV)

Topical

Cream, gel, liniment or balm, lotion, or ointment, etc.
Ear drops (otic)
Eye drops (ophthalmic)
Skin patch (transdermal)
Vaginal rings
Dermal patch

Suppository

Vaginal (e.g., douche, pessary, etc.)
rectal
Urethral suppositories
Nasal suppositories
Ear cones

References

^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/unit+dose
^ http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074377.htm
^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12366870

External links

Dosage From Development

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English Journal

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) air-filled nanocapsules as a contrast agent for ultrasound imaging.

Nestor MM, Kei NP, Guadalupe NA, Elisa ME, Adriana GQ, David QG.SourceFacultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico. nestormm05@hotmail.com
Ultrasonics.Ultrasonics.2011 Oct;51(7):839-45. Epub 2011 Apr 29.
The aim of this study was to prepare air-filled nanocapsules intended ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) with a biodegradable polymeric shell composed of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Because of their size, current commercial UCAs are not capable of penetrating the irregular vasculature that
PMID 21570702

Potent antimalarial 4-pyridones with improved physico-chemical properties.

Bueno JM, Manzano P, Garcia MC, Chicharro J, Puente M, Lorenzo M, Garcia A, Ferrer S, Gomez RM, Fraile MT, Lavandera JL, Fiandor JM, Vidal J, Herreros E, Gargallo-Viola D.SourceTres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmihKline, C/Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760-Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.Bioorg Med Chem Lett.2011 Sep 15;21(18):5214-8. Epub 2011 Jul 23.
Antimalarial 4-pyridones are a novel class of inhibitors of the plasmodial mitochondrial electron transport chain targeting Cytochrome bc1 (complex III). In general, the most potent 4-pyridones are lipophilic molecules with poor solubility in aqueous media and low oral bioavailability in pre-clinica
PMID 21824778

Japanese Journal

『傷寒論』における丸散方から湯液方の形成過程

遠藤次郎,鈴木達彦
日本東洋医学雑誌 62(2), 152-160, 2011
NAID 40018807893

Ionic Liquids: Future Solvents and Reagents for Pharmaceuticals

MONIRUZZAMAN Muhammad,GOTO Masahiro
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN advpub(0), 1103310164, 2011
… One of these is the administration of solid form of many drugs due to many well known drawbacks including low solubility, polymorphic conversion and low bioavailability. … In such approaches, much effort to find new delivery technologies or development of new controlled-release dosage forms is ongoing. …
NAID 130000662031