Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/28 14:20:20」(JST)

wiki en

The chemical structure of the neurotransmitter dopamine

Dopaminergic means "related to dopamine" (literally, "working on dopamine"), dopamine being a common neurotransmitter.^[1] Dopaminergic substances or actions increase dopamine-related activity in the brain. Dopaminergic brain structures facilitate dopamine-related activity. For example, certain proteins such as the dopamine transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT₂), and dopamine receptors can be classified as dopaminergic, and neurons that synthesize or contain dopamine and synapses with dopamine receptors in them may also be labeled as dopaminergic. Enzymes that regulate the biosynthesis or metabolism of dopamine such as aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or DOPA decarboxylase, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT) may be referred to as dopaminergic as well. Also, any endogenous or exogenous chemical substance that acts to affect dopamine receptors or dopamine release through indirect actions (for example, on neurons that synapse onto neurons that release dopamine or express dopamine receptors) can also be said to have dopaminergic effects, two prominent examples being opioids, which enhance dopamine release indirectly in the reward pathways, and some substituted amphetamines, which enhance dopamine release directly by binding to and inhibiting VMAT₂.

Supplements and drugs

The following are examples of dopaminergic substances:

Precursors

Dopamine precursors including L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine are used as dietary supplements. L-DOPA (Levodopa), another precursor, is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Receptor agonists

Dopamine receptor agonists such as apomorphine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydrexidine (LS-186,899), dopamine, fenoldopam, piribedil, lisuride, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine, are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and to treat depression and anxiety.

Receptor antagonists/receptor blockers

Dopamine receptor antagonists including typical antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine), fluphenazine, haloperidol (Haldol), loxapine, molindone, perphenazine, pimozide, thioridazine, thiothixene, and trifluoperazine, the atypical antipsychotics such as amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine (Seroquel), risperidone (Risperdal), sulpiride, and ziprasidone, and antiemetics like domperidone, metoclopramide, and prochlorperazine, among others, which are used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as antipsychotics, and nausea and vomiting.

Reuptake inhibitors/transporter blockers

Dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs) or dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors such as methylphenidate (Ritalin), bupropion (Wellbutrin), amineptine, and nomifensine, cocaine, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV; "Sonic"), ketamine, and phencyclidine (PCP), among others, which are used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy as psychostimulants, obesity as anorectics, depression and anxiety as antidepressants and anxiolytics, respectively, drug addiction as anticraving agents, and sexual dysfunction, as well as illicit street drugs.
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT₂) inhibitors such as reserpine, tetrabenazine, and deserpidine, which are used as sympatholytics or antihypertensives, and in the past as antipsychotics.

Releasing agents

Dopamine releasing agents (DRAs) such as phenethylamine, amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), phenmetrazine, pemoline, 4-methylaminorex (4-MAR), and benzylpiperazine, among many others, which, like DRIs, are used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy as psychostimulants, obesity as anorectics, depression and anxiety as antidepressants and anxiolytics respectively, drug addiction as anticraving agents, and sexual dysfunction as aphrodisiacs. Many of these compounds are also illicit street drugs.

"Activity enhancers"

Dopamine "activity enhancers" such as BPAP and PPAP, which are currently only research chemicals, but are being investigated for clinical development in the treatment of a number of medical disorders.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (MAOIs) including nonselective agents such as phenelzine, tranylcypromine, and isocarboxazid, MAO_A selective agents like moclobemide, and MAO_B selective agents such as selegiline, rasagiline, and pargyline, as well as the harmala alkaloids like harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine, harmalol, harman, and norharman, which are found to varying degrees in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Banisteriopsis caapi (ayahausca, yage), Peganum harmala (Harmal, Syrian Rue), Passiflora incarnata (Passion Flower), and Tribulus terrestris, among others, which are used in the treatment of depression and anxiety as antidepressants and anxiolytics, respectively, in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and dementia, and for the recreational purpose of boosting the effects of certain drugs like phenethylamine (PEA) and psychedelics like dimethyltryptamine (DMT) via inhibiting their metabolism.

Other enzyme inhibitors

Catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors such as entacapone and tolcapone, which are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitors like disulfiram (Antabuse), which can be used in the treatment of addiction to cocaine and similar dopaminergic drugs as a deterrent drug. The excess dopamine resulting from inhibition of the dopamine β-hydroxylase enzyme increases unpleasant symptoms such as anxiety, higher blood pressure, and restlessness. Disulfiram is not an anticraving agent, because it does not decrease craving for drugs. Instead, positive punishment from its unpleasant effects deters drug consumption.^[2]
Phenylalanine hydroxylase inhibitors like 3,4-dihydroxystyrene), which is currently only a research chemical with no suitable therapeutic indications, likely because such drugs would induce the potentially highly dangerous hyperphenylalaninemia or phenylketonuria.
Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors like metirosine, which is used in the treatment of pheochromocytoma as a sympatholytic or antihypertensive agent.
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors including benserazide, carbidopa, and methyldopa, which are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in augmentation of L-DOPA to block the peripheral conversion of dopamine, thereby inhibiting undesirable side-effects, and as sympatholytic or antihypertensive agents.
Others such as hyperforin and adhyperforin (both found in Hypericum perforatum St. John's Wort), L-theanine (found in Camellia sinensis, the tea plant), and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)

References

^ "Parkinson's Disease: Glossary of Terms.".
^ Krampe, Henning; Stawicki, Sabina; Wagner, Thilo; Bartels, Claudia; Aust, Carlotta; Ruther, Eckart; Poser, Wolfgang; Ehrenreich, Hannelore (2006). "Follow-up of 180 Alcoholic Patients for up to 7 Years After Outpatient Treatment: Impact of Alcohol Deterrents on Outcome". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 30 (1): 86–95. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00013.x. PMID 16433735.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. パーキンソン病の薬理学的治療 pharmacologic treatment of parkinson disease
2. パーキンソン病の診断 diagnosis of parkinson disease
3. 成人における単極性大うつ病：刺激薬および stimulant-like drugsによる抗うつ薬の増強 unipolar major depression in adults augmentation of antidepressants with stimulants and stimulant like drugs
4. 高プロラクチン血症の原因 causes of hyperprolactinemia
5. 振戦の概要 overview of tremor

English Journal

Architectural Organization of the African Elephant Diencephalon and Brainstem.

Maseko BC, Patzke N, Fuxe K, Manger PR.SourceSchool of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.
Brain, behavior and evolution.Brain Behav Evol.2014 Sep 6. [Epub ahead of print]
The current study examined the organization of the diencephalon and brainstem of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) - a region of the elephant brain that has not been examined for at least 50 years. The current description, employing material amenable for use with modern neuroanatomical metho
PMID 24021932

Advantageous sensitivity in the DNA homolog of the RNA dopamine aptamer.

Kim E, Paeng IR.Sourcea Department of Chemistry , Seoul Women's University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry.J Immunoassay Immunochem.2014 Jan 2;35(1):83-100. doi: 10.1080/15321819.2013.792833.
A competitive enzyme-linked aptamer assay for DA was performed by using two aptamers, individually; one is a 57 mer-RNA aptamer and the other is its homolog DNA aptamer. The difference between the RNA aptamer and the DNA aptamer are based on their particular nucleotides. It is known that the lack of
PMID 24063619

Tantalum oxide honeycomb architectures for the development of a non-enzymatic glucose sensor with wide detection range.

Suneesh PV, Chandhini K, Ramachandran T, Nair BG, Satheesh Babu TG.SourceDepartment of Sciences, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritanagar P.O., Coimbatore-641112, India.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Dec 15;50:472-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.007. Epub 2013 Jul 11.
Tantalum oxide honeycomb nanostructures (THNS) were fabricated by electrochemical anodisation of tantalum in H2SO4-HF medium. XRD analysis showed that annealing of THNS at 400°C improves the crystallinity. HRSEM and AFM results illustrated that nanopores with an average diameter of 30nm were unifor
PMID 23911662

Japanese Journal

Estradiol Facilitates Functional Integration of iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons into Striatal Neuronal Circuits via Activation of Integrin α5β1

Stem Cell Reports 6(4), 511-524, 2016-04-12
NAID 120005733186

パーキンソン病モデルラットにおけるグルタチオンのドパミン神経終末再生効果の研究

鹿児島純心女子大学看護栄養学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Kagoshima Immaculate Heart University 20, 7-10, 2016
NAID 40020890402

パーキンソン病の気分障害

日本医科大学医学会雑誌 12(3), 78-85, 2016
NAID 130005165198

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ドパミン系」「ドーパミン系」「ドパミン作動性」「ドーパミン作動性」
拡張検索	「nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection」「dopaminergic synaptic transmission」「dopaminergic nerve fiber」