dissident

WordNet

characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards (同)heretical, heterodox
a dissenter from political orthodoxy

PrepTutorEJDIC

違った意見の;(…と)意見が違う《+『from』+『名』》 / 意見が違う人,反対者

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/09 13:55:36」(JST)

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A dissident, broadly defined, is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine, policy, or institution. When dissidents unite for a common cause they often affect a dissident movement.

The word has been used since 16th century in the context of religion. The noun was first used in the political sense in 1940, with the rise of such totalitarian systems as the Soviet Union.^[1]^[2]

Religious dissenter

Eastern bloc dissidents

The term dissident was used in the Eastern bloc, particularly in the Soviet Union, in the period following Joseph Stalin's death until the fall of communism. It was attached to citizens who criticized the practices or the authority of the Communist Party. The people who used to write and distribute non-censored, non-conformist samizdat literature were criticized in the official newspapers. Soon, many of those who were dissatisfied with the Soviet Bloc began to self-identify as dissidents.^[3] This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of being used in reference to an individual who opposes society, it came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.^[4]^[5]^[6] An important element of dissident activity in "Soviet Russia" was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights: see Chronicle of Current Events (samizdat) and Moscow Helsinki Group. Some famous Soviet dissents were Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov.

Republican dissidents in Ireland

The term dissident has become the primary term to describe Irish republicans who politically continue to oppose Good Friday Agreement of 1998 and reject the outcome of the referendums on it. These political parties also have paramilitary wings which espouse violent methods to achieve a United Ireland.

Irish republican dissident groups include the Irish Republican Socialist Party (founded in 1974 – its currently-inactive paramilitary wing is the Irish National Liberation Army), Republican Sinn Féin (founded in 1986 – its paramilitary wing is the Continuity IRA), and the 32 County Sovereignty Movement (founded in 1997 – its paramilitary wing is the Real IRA). In 2006 the Óglaigh na hÉireann emerged, which is a splinter group of the Continuity IRA.^[7]

U.S. dissidents

The term "dissident" has been applied to people in the United States like Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden.^[8]^[9] The term is being used to denote people who have exposed US government secrets, as in the example of Chelsea Manning who revealed the video "Collateral Murder" to the world through Wikileaks, or exposed the US government spying on the internet activity of people and government officials of other countries, including allied countries, as well as its own citizens, such as in the case of the PRISM and XKeyScore ^[10] program, as revealed by Edward Snowden.

References

^ Harper, Douglas. "dissident". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
^ Dictionary.com.
^ Chronicle of Current Events (samizdat) (Russian)
^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights General Assembly resolution 217 A (III), United Nations, 10 December 1948
^ Proclamation of Tehran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 32/41 at 3 (1968), United Nations, May 1968
^ CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT. Helsinki, 1 aug. 1975
^ "Who are the dissidents?". BBC News. 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ Assange, Manning, Snowden are new dissidents
^ Press article on Snowden
^ NSA taps all you do online

External links

Look up dissident in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Free dictionary, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dissident
Dissident Movement. Russian History Encyclopedia, http://www.answers.com/topic/dissident-movement
Canadian Dissidents. http://www.cbc.ca/news/citizenbytes/2010/06/g20-protesters-police-and-civil-rights.html

English Journal

The right to health care for transsexual people in Cuba.

Roque A, Rodríguez RM.SourceNational Sex Education Center, Havana, Cuba. aroqueg@infomed.sld.cu
MEDICC review.MEDICC Rev.2012 Apr;14(2):35-8.
Gender identity is a sociocultural construct based (in nearly every society) on a binary norm: female and male. Transsexual individuals suffer from intense family and social discrimination because they express a dissident sexuality incongruent with this norm. They assert they feel trapped in a body
PMID 22580552

Sacrificial limbs of sovereignty: disabled veterans, masculinity, and nationalist politics in Turkey.

Açiksöz SC.SourceDepartment of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, USA.
Medical anthropology quarterly.Med Anthropol Q.2012 Mar;26(1):4-25.
Over the last decade, disabled veterans of the Turkish Army who were injured while fighting against the Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan (PKK; Kurdistan Workers' Party) have become national icons and leading ultranationalist actors. While being valorized as sacrificial heroes in nationalist discourse, th
PMID 22574389

Taking up the cudgels against gay rights? Trends and trajectories in African Christian theologies on homosexuality.

van Klinken AS, Gunda MR.SourceDepartment of the Study of Religions, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London, UK. adriaanvanklinken@gmail.com
Journal of homosexuality.J Homosex.2012;59(1):114-38. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2012.638549.
Against the background of the HIV epidemic and the intense public controversy on homosexuality in African societies, this article investigates the discourses of academic African Christian theologians on homosexuality. Distinguishing some major strands in African theology, that is, inculturation, lib
PMID 22269050

Japanese Journal

D.H. Lawrence and Women's Suffrage: The Roles of Two Suffragettes, B. Jennings and D. Marsden, in His Writing

Wicks Izumi
New Directions (27), 49-62, 2009
… One is Blanche Jennings, a judicious suffragette Lawrence came acquainted with in his young days, and the other is Dora Marsden, a radical suffragette, who later became dissident from suffragism after all.Then she became the founder and editor of a magazine that carried Lawrence's works several times. …
NAID 40017272917

東ドイツ体制批判運動再考 : 「六八年」と「八九年」の関係を中心に

井関正久
国際政治 2009(157), 157_70-84, 2009
… Western subculture played a big part in such dissident movements. …
NAID 130001444289

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