disembarkation

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/17 07:28:19」(JST)

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Passengers disembarking from a ship via a gangway

A St Kildan disembarking on Stac Lee (1901)

Disembarkation or debarcation is the process of leaving a ship or aircraft, or removing goods from a ship or aircraft. (debark: from the French des meaning "from", and, barque, meaning "small ship").^[1]^[2]

Civilian

The loading and unloading of cargo has traditionally been handled by stevedores, also known as longshoremen, wharfies, etc. Today, the vast majority of non-bulk cargo is transported in intermodal containers,^[3] which are loaded and unloaded using specialized cranes.^[4]

People normally board and depart a ship via a gangplank (gangway), a movable structure usually consisting of a ramp with stairs and railings. The gangplank may lead to either a dock or a small boat (or lighter) that connects to the shore. Accidents during disembarkation are most often due to being struck by a rope (line), railing or other item due to the ship's motion, or attempting to avoid such items. The second most common cause is slipping or tripping on the gangway.^[5]

Military

Military debarking procedures, even in non-combat zones, can be quite complex.^[6]^[7] In addition to routine operations, debarking can be conducted under fire as part of amphibious assaults, such as that of the Normandy landings during World War II. In such cases, it is vital that cargo be loaded so it can be unloaded in the order needed, rather than simply to maximize the use of space. This is called combat loading. Landing craft are used to transport both troops and cargo to the shore.^[8]

References

^ "Lakes Ponchartrain and Maurepas Chart 11369 Booklet Chart Commemorative Edition" (PDF). 4 April 2012. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
^ "United States Marine Corps" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-07.
^ Marc Levinson (2006). The Box, How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger. Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 0-691-12324-1.
^ George, Rose (2013). Deep sea and foreign going: inside shipping, the invisible industry that brings you 90% of everything. London: Portobello Books. ISBN 978-1-84627-263-9.
^ Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (2013). "Safety News: Gangway Safety" (PDF). Washington, DC: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-02-14.
^ Furse, George Armand (1888). Embarkation and Disembarkation of Troops. Holbroook & Son: Holbroook & Son. OCLC 774601520.
^ American Expeditionary Forces (1917). Provisional instructions on disembarkation, entraining and detraining of troops in France. Washington, DC: United States Army. OCLC 18529496.
^ The United States Service Magazine - Volume 2 1864 - Page 538 "The actual disembarkation is a matter of difficulty and labor under all circumstances, but in presence of the enemy it becomes one of extreme delicacy. If the troops must debark in boats, the fleet should carry a convenient number of launches

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1. 回転性めまいの病態生理、病因、および鑑別診断 pathophysiology etiology and differential diagnosis of vertigo
2. 乗物酔い motion sickness

English Journal

Mal de debarquement, motion sickness and the effect of an artificial horizon.

Tal D1, Wiener G1, Shupak A2.
Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation.J Vestib Res.2014;24(1):17-23. doi: 10.3233/VES-130505.
BACKGROUND: Exposure to unfamiliar motion patterns commonly results in motion sickness and a false perception of motion, termed mal de debarquement, on the return to stable conditions.OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether motion sickness severity is correlated with the duration and severity of mal de de
PMID 24594496

Imported malaria: a possible threat to the elimination of malaria from Sri Lanka?

Galappaththy GN1, Fernando SD, Abeyasinghe RR.
Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.Trop Med Int Health.2013 Jun;18(6):761-8. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12097. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
OBJECTIVE: To discuss epidemiological aspects of imported malaria and the potential impact of imported malaria cases reported in Sri Lanka 2008-2011 in terms of a possible resurgence of the disease.METHODS: The national malaria database was used to assess details regarding country where the infectio
PMID 23506152

Propagation of Caenorhabditis japonica in the nest of its carrier insect, Parastrachia japonensis.

Okumura E1, Ishikawa Y, Tanaka R, Yoshiga T.
Zoological science.Zoolog Sci.2013 Mar;30(3):174-7. doi: 10.2108/zsj.30.174.
We demonstrated the disembarkation of the bacterial-feeding nematode Caenorhabditis japonica dauer larvae (DL) from adult Parastrachia japonensis female insects and observed the propagation of nematodes in artificial insect nests. Our results clarify the process of propagation in this nematode speci
PMID 23480376

Japanese Journal

Conditions for disembarkation of Caenorhabditis japonica from its carrier insect Parastrachia japonensis

Okumura Etsuko,Tanaka Ryusei,Yoshiga Toyoshi
Nematological research 43(1), 1-7, 2013-07
NAID 40019764505

Development of Pile Moored Sandwich Type Pontoon (P. M. S.) (Part 2)

小笹博昭,加藤久雄,松本清次,元野一生,大瀬信一
海洋開発論文集 7, 59-64, 1991
… The pile moored sandwich type pontoon is one of the newly developped pontoon for small to medium sized vessels, which enables smooth embarkation, disembarkation and cargo handling at any tidal lebel in sea areas with large tidal range. …
NAID 130003951213

波浪中大型船に接近するパイロットボートの運動について

前田久明,金雁
関西造船協会誌 (198), 31-40, 1985-09-30
… Motions of a pilot boat in the vicinity of a large ship are investigated in order to design a stable pilot platform for minimizing the risk to pilots in the process of embarkation or disembarkation from 1arge ships in rough seas. …
NAID 110003872774

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