discourage

• vt.

• ～の勇気(自信・希望)を失わせる、がっかりさせる、落胆させる
• に思いとどまらせる、～に野mる用に説得する。
• ～に反対して止めさせようとする、～はしないようにと言う

• vi

• 勇気をなくす、意欲をなくす、落胆する

関

preclude、preclusion、prevent、prevention

　 　

WordNet

1. deprive of courage or hope; take away hope from; cause to feel discouraged
2. stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state; "We must prevent the cancer from spreading"; "His snoring kept me from falling asleep"; "Keep the child from eating the marbles" (同)keep
3. keep from happening or arising; make impossible; "My sense of tact forbids an honest answer"; "Your role in the projects precludes your involvement in the competitive project" (同)forestall, foreclose, preclude, forbid
4. make impossible, especially beforehand (同)rule_out, close_out
5. the act of preventing; "there was no bar against leaving"; "money was allocated to study the cause and prevention of influenza" (同)bar
6. the act of discouraging; "the discouragement of petty theft"
7. the feeling of despair in the face of obstacles (同)disheartenment, dismay
8. the expression of opposition and disapproval
9. expressing disapproval
10. depriving of confidence or hope or enthusiasm and hence often deterring action; "where never is heard a discouraging word"
11. lacking in resolution; "the accident left others discouraged about going there"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈人〉‘を'『落胆させる』,がっかりさせる / (…することを)〈人〉‘に'思いとどまらせる《+『名』+『from』 do『ing』》 / (反対の意を表し,また困難を予想して)〈事〉‘を'させないようにする,思いとどまらせる
2. 〈物事〉‘が'『起こらないようにする』,予防する,防ぐ,妨げる / 〈物事が〉〈人〉‘の'邪魔をする,妨げる
3. 《文》〈事〉‘を'不可能にする,‘が'ないようにする;〈人〉‘を'妨げる
4. 〈U〉(…を)『予防』(『防止』)『すること』《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…を)予防(防止)するもの《+『against』+『名』(do『ing』)》
5. 防止,妨害
6. 〈U〉勇気をくじくこと,落胆,失意 / 〈C〉がっかりさせるもの
7. がっかりさせる,勇気をくじくような

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/06/21 10:56:34」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Criminology and penology
Theories
Causes and correlates of crime
Anomie
Biosocial criminology
Differential association theory
Deviance
Labeling theory
Psychopathy
Rational choice theory (criminology)
Social control theory
Social disorganization theory
Social learning theory
Strain theory
Subcultural theory
Symbolic interactionism · Victimology
Types of crimes
Blue-collar crime · Corporate crime
Juvenile crime
Organized crime
Political crime · Public order crime
State crime · State-corporate crime
Victimless crime · White-collar crime
Penology
Deterrence · Prison
Prison reform · Prisoner abuse
Prisoners' rights · Rehabilitation
Recidivism · Retribution
Utilitarianism
Criminal justice portal
See also: Wikibooks:Social Deviance
klik

Deterrence is a theory from behavioral psychology about preventing or controlling actions or behavior through fear of punishment or retribution. This theory of criminology is shaping the criminal justice system of the United States and various other countries.

Deterrence can be divided into two separate categories.

General deterrence manifests itself in policy whereby examples are made of deviants. The individual actor is not the focus of the attempt at behavioral change, but rather receives punishment in public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in the future.

demonstrated in the Islamic Crime & Punishment system (Hoodoo), applied 1400 years ago, where the punishment for crimes is performed in public, and is highly mainly aiming at general social deterrence.

Specific deterrence focuses on the individual deviant and attempts to correct his or her behavior. Punishment is meant to discourage the individual from recidivating.

At the military level, the principle is expressed in deterrence theory.

There is some debate over whether deterrence is achieved through

• the higher probability of arrest and conviction, and/or,
• severity of punishment, or
• denunciation,

and whether it is aimed at others or the offender themselves or both.

History of Deterrence

The history of punishment in reaction to crime began in biblical times with the “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” guideline, although later Christians interpreted this literally, emphasizing compassion and tolerance rather than punishment, even to the extent of "turning the other cheek."

Although most Western populations eventually embraced some version of Judeo-Christian values, medieval Europe displayed little of the restraint prescribed by this religious tradition. On the contrary, the level of violence among medieval populations was only exceeded by the force applied by emerging states in attempting to maintain control and suppress it. Deciding guilt in an offender was more important than the nature of the offense. Once the guilt was announced, the question was not so much whether an execution should take place, but how dramatic it should be. There were not many punishments besides exile and execution.

Two utilitarian philosophers of the eighteenth century, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, formulated the deterrence theory as both an explanation of crime and a method for reducing it. Beccaria argued that crime was not only an attack on an individual but on society as well. This extended the issue of punishment beyond retribution and restitution to aggrieved individuals. Society was cast as victim, not merely bystander, and what had been seen as a dispute between individuals, expanded to an issue of criminal law. For the utilitarians, the purpose of punishment became the protection of society through the prevention of crime.

Capital Punishment

There is an ongoing debate about deterrence correlation with capital punishment. Today, there is no conclusive evidence supporting either theory.

See also

• Crime
• Law
• Mutual assured destruction

External links

• Deterrence and the Death Penalty Statistical information and studies

References

Hagan, John, A.R. Gillis, and David Brownfield. Criminological Controversies: A Methodical Primer. Boulder: Westview, 1996. 81-3.

Further reading

To read more about severity of punishment in relation to deterrence, see Mendes, M. & McDonald, M. D., [2001] “Putting Severity of Punishment Back in the Deterrence Package” in Policy Studies Journal, vol. 29, no. 4, p.588-610, and Moberly, Sir W. H., [1968] The Ethics of Punishment.

To read more about the argument concerning who deterrence is aimed at see Beccaria and Bentham’s ideas as presented in Moberly, Sir W. H., [1968] The Ethics of Punishment.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 複合位の胎児のマネージメント management of the fetus with compound presentation
• 2. 遺伝性血栓性素因を有する女性のための避妊 contraception for women with inherited thrombophilias
• 3. 前頭側頭型認知症：治療 frontotemporal dementia treatment
• 4. 高血圧治療と患者のアドヒアランス patient adherence and the treatment of hypertension
• 5. 侵襲性アスペルギルス症の疫学および臨床症状 epidemiology and clinical manifestations of invasive aspergillosis

English Journal

• Double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of benfotiamine for severe alcohol dependence.

• Manzardo AM, He J, Poje A, Penick EC, Campbell J, Butler MG.SourceDepartment of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, United States. Electronic address: amanzardo@kumc.edu.
• Drug and alcohol dependence.Drug Alcohol Depend.2013 Dec 1;133(2):562-70. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.035. Epub 2013 Aug 11.
• Alcohol dependence is associated with severe nutritional and vitamin deficiency. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency erodes neurological pathways that may influence the ability to drink in moderation. The present study examines tolerability of supplementation using the high-potency thiamine analog, ben
• PMID 23992649

• Minimal residual disease after allogeneic stem cell transplant: a comparison among multiparametric flow cytometry, Wilms tumor 1 expression and chimerism status (Complete chimerism versus Low Level Mixed Chimerism) in acute leukemia.

• Rossi G, Carella AM, Minervini MM, Savino L, Fontana A, Pellegrini F, Greco MM, Merla E, Quarta G, Loseto G, Capalbo S, Palumbo G, Cascavilla N.SourceDepartment of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit.
• Leukemia & lymphoma.Leuk Lymphoma.2013 Dec;54(12):2660-6. doi: 10.3109/10428194.2013.789508. Epub 2013 May 15.
• Abstract Relapse represents the main cause of treatment failure after allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT). The detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) by multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC), chimerism, cytogenetics and molecular analysis may be critical to prevent relapse. Therefore, we
• PMID 23547840

• 'Drinking is our modern way of bonding': Young people's beliefs about interventions to encourage moderate drinking.

• de Visser RO, Wheeler Z, Abraham C, Smith JA.Sourcea School of Psychology , University of Sussex , Falmer , UK .
• Psychology & health.Psychol Health.2013 Dec;28(12):1460-80. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2013.828293. Epub 2013 Aug 16.
• Efforts to discourage excessive alcohol use among young people can only be effective if the target audience is exposed to, attends to, and comprehends key messages. The aim of this study was to examine age and sex differences in drinking motives to better inform development of targeted interventions
• PMID 23947783

• Long-term outcome of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome in dogs.

• Stuckey JA, Pearce JW, Giuliano EA, Cohn LA, Bentley E, Rankin AJ, Gilmour MA, Lim CC, Allbaugh RA, Moore CP, Madsen RW.SourceDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.
• Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.J Am Vet Med Assoc.2013 Nov 15;243(10):1425-31. doi: 10.2460/javma.243.10.1426.
• Objective-To investigate long-term outcomes and owner-perceived quality of life associated with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) in dogs. Design-Survey study. Animals-100 dogs with SARDS examined at 5 academic veterinary institutions from 2005 to 2010. Procedures-The diagnosis w
• PMID 24171371

Japanese Journal

• 学生生活と学業成績の関連性についての包括的調査 : 悉皆調査による学生指導資料作成に向けた実験的取り組み

• 上崎 哉
• 京都大学高等教育研究 (18), 25-40, 2012-12-01
• … To clarify the factors that raise the abilities of students or discourage them, so that we can construct materials forstudents' self-reflection. …
• NAID 110009535707

• 一連の3Dスケッチシステム開発より得られた3つのデザイン原則「記憶容量、認知モード、実物大・実操作可能」

• 田野 俊一,山本 伸也,岩田 満,Muhd Dzulkhiflee,市野 順子,橋山 智訓
• 情報処理学会研究報告. HCI, ヒューマンコンピュータインタラクション研究会報告 2012-HCI-147(3), 1-8, 2012-03-14
• 人間の知的で創造的な活動を支援する高度な情報環境が数多く提案されている.しかし,残念ながら,先端的なメディアシステムが創造性を支援するどころか,逆に阻害する事例が発生している.本研究では,バーチャルリアリティを用いて,目の前の 3 次元空間に直接スケッチする 3D スケッチシステムを例にとる.立体視を用いた 3 次元表示は,デザイン支援にとって必須な機能ではなく,人目を引くだけの存在になっている. …
• NAID 110008802687

• On the Linguistic Aspects of Street Signs in the U.K. : In Comparison to Advertisement English (奈良本英佑教授 退職記念号)

• YAMAZAKI Tatsuroh
• 経済志林 79(4), 247-261, 2012-03
• … 10) Many street and railway signs start with “Do not” or “No” to discourage undesired behavior in particular situations. …
• NAID 40019241720

• Coincidental intraguild predation by caterpillars on spider mites.

• Shirotsuka Kanako,Yano Shuichi
• Experimental & applied acarology 56(4), 355-564, 2012-01-29
• … Moreover, neither hornworms nor swallowtail caterpillars distinguished between spider mite-infested and uninfested leaves, suggesting that the mite-infested leaves do not discourage caterpillar feeding. …
• NAID 120003988376

Related Links

• discourage - インディーズバンド試聴サイトAudioleaf

都内を中心に活動する、エモーショナルラウドUKバンド『discourage』。 心に突き刺さる楽曲を展開中！ ... LATEST ARTICLES ライブチケット予約システムをリリース！(5月26日追記) イナズマロックフェス連動オーディション「イナズマゲート ...

• discourageの意味 - 英和辞書 - 英語辞書 - goo辞書

discourageとは。意味や和訳。[動](他)1 〈人の〉希望[自信，やる気]を失わせる，〈人を〉落胆させる，がっかりさせる（⇔encourage）Don't be discouraged. [=Don't let it discourage you.]がっかりしないで.2 〈人が〉（…するのを ...

• discourage | Skream! インタビュー 邦楽ロック・洋楽ロック ...

奄美大島出身のメンバーを中心に結成された4人組バンド、discourage（ディスカレイジ）。ヴォーカル、榮広大が伸びやかに歌う曲たちは奄美の自然、魚や鳥と言った情景が浮かんでくる和やかなものだが、そのサウンドは紛れもない ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「preclude」「prevent」「preclusion」「prevention」「防止」

「preclude」

　　[★]

• vt.

• (あらかじめ)排除する、除外する(exclude)。(通路を)はばむ、妨げる(prevent)

Patients who are severely dehydrated or in whom vomiting precludes the use of oral therapy should receive IV solutions such as Ringer's lactate.(HIM.818)

関

discourage, disturb, interfere, interrupt, obstruct, occlude, preclusion, prevent, prevention

　 　

「prevent」

　　[★]

• v.

• 防ぐ、防止する、阻止する、妨げる

関

avert、block、deter、discourage、disturb、inhibit、inhibition、interfere、interrupt、obstruct、occlude、preclude、preclusion、prevention、repress、repression

　 　 　

「preclusion」

　　[★]

• n.

• 防止、妨害

関

discourage、disturb、disturbance、hamper、hindrance、impede、impediment、intercept、interception、interfere、interrupt、interruption、obstruct、occlusion、preclude、prevent、prevention

　

「prevention」

　　[★]

• n.

• 予防

関

block、deter、discourage、inhibit、inhibition、precautionary、preclude、preclusion、prevent、preventive、prophylactic、prophylaxis、repress、repression

　 　

「防止」

　　[★]

英

prevention、preclusion、prevent、preclude、discourage

関

阻止、防ぐ、妨害、予防、妨げる、落胆