WordNet

an act that has disastrous consequences
someone injured or killed in an accident (同)injured party
a decrease of military personnel or equipment
someone injured or killed or captured or missing in a military engagement
a region whose population is affected by a general disaster

PrepTutorEJDIC

(突然の大きな)『災害』,災難・不幸
(事故・災外などの)賜傷者負傷者,被災者,被害者;(戦争による)負傷者,行方不明者 / 不慮の事故,人身事故

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/10 22:21:05」(JST)

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Ruins from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, remembered as one of the worst natural disasters in United States history

A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people.

In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.^[1]

Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries.^[2]^[3]

Etymology

The word disaster is derived from Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the Greek pejorative prefix δυσ-, (dus-) "bad"^[4] and ἀστήρ (aster), "star".^[5] The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the sight of comets and asteroids.^[6]

Classifications

Researchers have been studying disasters for more than a century, and for more than forty years disaster research. The studies reflect a common opinion when they argue that all disasters can be seen as being human-made, their reasoning being that human actions before the strike of the hazard can prevent it developing into a disaster. All disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce appropriate disaster management measures.^[7] Hazards are routinely divided into natural or human-made, although complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing countries. A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.

Natural disaster

A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard affects humans and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability.

Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. However, natural hazards can strike in unpopulated areas and never develop into disasters. However, the rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environments has escalated both the frequency and severity of natural disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disasters.

Airplane crashes and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters: they cause pollution, kill people, and damage property. This example is the September 11 attacks in 2001 at the World Trade Center in New York.

Man-made disasters

Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event.

References

^ Quarantelli E.L. (1998). Where We Have Been and Where We Might Go. In: Quarantelli E.L. (ed). What Is A Disaster? London: Routledge. pp146-159
^ "World Bank:Disaster Risk Management".
^ Luis Flores Ballesteros. "Who’s getting the worst of natural disasters?" 54 Pesos May. 2010:54 Pesos 04 Oct 2008. <http://54pesos.org/2008/10/04/who%e2%80%99s-getting-the-worst-of-natural-disasters/>
^ "Dus, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus".
^ "Aster, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus".
^ http://etymonline.com/?term=disaster
^ B. Wisner, P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis (2004). At Risk – Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Wiltshire: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-25216-4

External links

The Wikibook History has a page on the topic of: Historical Disasters and Tragedies

Find more about Disaster at Wikipedia's sister projects
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Media from Commons
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks
	Learning resources from Wikiversity

The Disaster Roundtable Information on past and future Disaster Roundtable workshops
EM-DAT The EM-DAT International Disaster Database
RSOE EDIS Emergency and Disaster Information Service An up-to-the-minute world wide map showing current disasters.
Articles On Food Shortage – Food Shortage Information.
Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System A United Nations and European Commission sponsored website for disaster information.
United Nations Programme for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response United Nations programme covering the full disaster management cycle with usage of space technology
Top 100 aviation disasters on AirDisaster.com
Disaster Video Archive Archive Footage of Major Disasters
Guinness Book of World Records
The world's worst massacres Whole Earth Review
War Disaster and Genocide
Geohotspots
Disaster Video Disaster News and Video
Disaster Alert Notification and Reporting
RSOE EDIS (Emergency Disaster and Information Service): world map showing current disasters
The Disaster News Network – Live Monitors and Updates about Disasters
The Calamity of Disaster – Recognizing the possibilities, planning for the event, managing crisis and coping with the effects.
Corporate Disaster Resource Network, India – Needs and Offers matched online.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Anxiety sensitivity mediates the association between post-traumatic stress symptom severity and interoceptive threat-related smoking abstinence expectancies among World Trade Center disaster-exposed smokers.

Farris SG1, Paulus DJ2, Gonzalez A3, Mahaffey BL3, Bromet EJ3, Luft BJ4, Kotov R3, Zvolensky MJ5.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2015 Dec;51:204-10. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.031. Epub 2015 Aug 1.
INTRODUCTION: Anxiety sensitivity (fear of internal anxiety-relevant bodily sensations) is an individual difference variable that is associated with the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and is also involved in the maintenance/relapse of smoking. Abstinence expectan
PMID 26298644

Dutch senior medical students and disaster medicine: a national survey.

Mortelmans LJ1, Bouman SJ, Gaakeer MI, Dieltiens G, Anseeuw K, Sabbe MB.
International journal of emergency medicine.Int J Emerg Med.2015 Dec;8(1):77. doi: 10.1186/s12245-015-0077-0. Epub 2015 Sep 3.
BACKGROUND: Medical students have been deployed in victim care of several disasters throughout history. They are corner stones in first-line care in recent pandemic planning. Furthermore, every physician and senior medical student is expected to assist in case of disaster situations, but are they ed
PMID 26335099

Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater remediation with simulated permeable reactive barrier (PRB) filled with natural pyrite as reactive material: Environmental factors and effectiveness.

Liu Y1, Mou H2, Chen L3, Mirza ZA4, Liu L5.
Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2015 Nov 15;298:83-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.05.007. Epub 2015 May 6.
Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are efficient technologies for in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater, the effectiveness of which greatly depends on the reactive media filled. Natural pyrite is an iron sulfide material with a very low content of iron and sulfur, and a mining waste which
PMID 26026959