diatom

珪藻、珪藻類

関

diatomaceous

　 　

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1. microscopic unicellular marine or freshwater colonial alga having cell walls impregnated with silica

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1. 珪藻(けいそう)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/14 13:16:59」(JST)

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For a molecule of two atoms, see Diatomic molecule.

Diatoms
Marine diatoms
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Chromalveolata
Phylum:	Heterokontophyta
Class:	Bacillariophyceae Dangeard, 1933
Synonyms
Diatomea Dumortier, 1821 Diatomophyceae Rabenhorst, 1864 Bacillariae Haeckel, 1878 Bacillariophyta Engler & Gilg, 1919

Diatoms are a major group of algae, and are among the most common types of phytoplankton. Most diatoms are unicellular, although they can exist as colonies in the shape of filaments or ribbons (e.g. Fragilaria), fans (e.g. Meridion), zigzags (e.g. Tabellaria), or stars (e.g. Asterionella). The first diatom discovered, the colonial Bacillaria paradoxa, was found in 1783 by Otto Friedrich Müller. Diatoms are producers within the food chain. A unique feature of diatom cells is that they are enclosed within a cell wall made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide) called a frustule. These frustules show a wide diversity in form, but are usually almost bilaterally symmetrical, hence the group name. The symmetry is not perfect since one of the valves is slightly larger than the other allowing one valve to fit inside the edge of the other. Fossil evidence suggests that they originated during, or before, the early Jurassic Period. Only male gametes of centric diatoms are capable of movement by means of flagella. Diatom communities are a popular tool for monitoring environmental conditions, past and present, and are commonly used in studies of water quality.

General biology

A diatom.  Numbered graduations are 10 micrometres apart

There are more than 200 genera of living diatoms, and it is estimated that there are approximately 100,000 extant species. Diatoms are a widespread group and can be found in the oceans, in freshwater, in soils and on damp surfaces. Most live pelagically in open water, although some live as surface films at the water-sediment interface (benthic), or even under damp atmospheric conditions. They are especially important in oceans, where they are estimated to contribute up to 45% of the total oceanic primary production. Spatial distribution of marine phytoplankton species is restricted both horizontally and vertically. Though usually microscopic, some species of diatoms can reach up to 2 millimetres in length.

Several species of fresh-water diatoms.

Diatoms belong to a large group called the heterokonts, including both autotrophs (e.g., golden algae, kelp) and heterotrophs (e.g., water moulds). Their yellowish-brown chloroplasts are typical of heterokonts, having four membranes and containing pigments such as the carotenoid fucoxanthin. Individuals usually lack flagella, but they are present in male gametes of the centric diatoms and have the usual heterokont structure, except they lack the hairs (mastigonemes) characteristic in other groups. Most diatoms are non-motile, as their relatively dense cell walls cause them to readily sink. Planktonic forms in open water usually rely on turbulent mixing of the upper layers by the wind to keep them suspended in sunlit surface waters. Some species actively regulate their buoyancy with intracellular lipids to counter sinking.

A feature of diatoms is the urea cycle, which links them evolutionarily to animals. This was discovered in research carried out by Andrew Allen, Chris Bowler and colleagues. Their findings, published in 2011, that diatoms have a functioning urea cycle was highly significant, since prior to this the urea cycle was thought to have originated with the metazoans who appeared several hundreds of millions of years after the diatoms. Their study showed that while diatoms and animals use the urea cycle for different ends, they are seen to be evolutionally linked in such a way that animals and plants are not.

Diatom cells are contained within a unique silica cell wall comprising two separate valves (or shells). The biogenic silica that the cell wall is composed of is synthesised intracellularly by the polymerisation of silicic acid monomers. This material is then extruded to the cell exterior and added to the wall. Diatom cell walls are also called frustules or "tests", and their two valves typically overlap one over the other like the two halves of a petri dish. In most species, when a diatom divides to produce two daughter cells, each cell keeps one of the two halves and grows a smaller half within it. As a result, after each division cycle the average size of diatom cells in the population gets smaller. Once such cells reach a certain minimum size, rather than simply divide, they reverse this decline by forming an auxospore. This expands in size to give rise to a much larger cell, which then returns to size-diminishing divisions. Auxospore production is almost always linked to meiosis and sexual reproduction.

Decomposition and decay of diatoms leads to organic and inorganic (in the form of silicates) sediment, the inorganic component of which can lead to a method of analyzing past marine environments by corings of ocean floors or bay muds, since the inorganic matter is embedded in deposition of clays and silts and forms a permanent geological record of such marine strata. (See siliceous ooze).

The study of diatoms is a branch of phycology, and phycologists specializing in diatoms are called diatomists.

Classification

Selections from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 Kunstformen der Natur (Art Forms of Nature), showing pennate (left) and centric (right) frustules.

Diatomaceous earth as viewed under bright field illumination on a light microscope. Diatomaceous earth is a soft, siliceous, sedimentary rock made up of the cell walls of diatoms and readily crumbles to a fine powder. This sample consists of a mixture of centric (radially symmetric) and pennate (bilaterally symmetric) diatoms. This image of diatomaceous earth particles in water is at a scale of 6.236 pixels/μm, the entire image covers a region of approximately 1.13 by 0.69 mm.

The classification of heterokonts is still unsettled, and they may be treated as a division (or phylum), kingdom, or something in-between. Accordingly, groups like the diatoms may be ranked anywhere from class (usually called Diatomophyceae or Bacillariophyceae) to division (usually called Bacillariophyta), with corresponding changes in the ranks of their subgroups.

Diatoms are traditionally divided into two orders:

• centric diatoms (Centrales), which are radially symmetrical
• pennate diatoms (Pennales), which are bilaterally symmetrical. The former are paraphyletic to the latter.

Due to the difference noted in pennate diatoms, of the presence or absence of a raphe (a longitudinal groove in the valve), a more recent classification by Round, Crawford & Mann (1990) divides the diatoms (as Bacillarophyta) into three classes and a number of orders:

• Class Coscinodiscophyceae Round & R.M.Crawford:
  centric diatoms
  • Anaulales Round & R.M.Crawford
  • Arachnoidiscales Round
  • Asterolamprales Round
  • Aulacoseirales R.M.Crawford
  • Biddulphiales
  • Chaetocerotales Round & R.M.Crawfor
  • Chrysanthemodiscales Round
  • Corethrales Round & R.M.Crawford
  • Coscinodiscales Round
  • Cymatosirales Round & R.M.Crawford
  • Desmomastigales
  • Ethmodiscales Round
  • Hemiaulales Round & R.M.Crawford
  • Leptocylindrales Round & R.M.Crawford
  • Lithodesmiales
  • Melosirales R.M.Crawford
  • Orthoseirales R.M.Crawford
  • Paraliales R.M.Crawford
  • Rhizosoleniales
  • Stictocyclales Round
  • Stictodiscales Round & R.M.Crawford
  • Thalassiosirales
  • Triceratiales Round & R.M.Crawford

• Class Fragilariophyceae F.E.Round:
  pennate diatoms without a raphe (araphids)
  • Ardissoneales F.E.Round
  • Climacospheniales Round
  • Cyclophorales Round & R.M.Crawford
  • Fragilariales P.C.Silva
  • Licmophorales Round
  • Protoraphidales Round
  • Rhabdonematales Round & R.M.Crawford
  • Rhaphoneidales Round
  • Striatellales F.E.Round
  • Tabellariales Round
  • Thalassionematales Round
  • Toxariales Round

• Class Bacillariophyceae Haeckel, 1878, emend. D.G.Mann:
  pennate diatoms with a raphe (raphids)
  • Achnanthales P.C.Silva
  • Bacillariales Hendey
  • Cymbellales D.G.Mann
  • Dictyoneidales D.G.Mann
  • Eunotiales P.C.Silva
  • Lyrellales D.G.Mann
  • Mastogloiales D.G.Mann
  • Naviculales Bessey
  • Rhopalodiales D.G.Mann
  • Surirellales D.G.Mann
  • Thalassiophysales D.G.Mann

It is probable there will be further revisions as understanding of their relationships increases. Medlin & Kaczmarska (2004) propose the following classification for the diatoms:

• Bacillaryophyta
  • Coscinodiscophytina
    • Coscinodiscophyceae ('radial centrics')
  • Bacillariophytina
    • Mediophyceae ('polar centrics')
    • Bacillariophyceae (pennate diatoms)

Diatoms generally range in size from 2 to 200μm, and build intricate hard but porous cell walls (called frustules or tests) composed primarily of silica. This siliceous wall can be highly patterned with a variety of pores, ribs, minute spines, marginal ridges and elevations; all of which can be used to delineate genera and species. The cell itself consists of two halves, each containing an essentially flat plate, or valve and marginal connecting, or girdle band. One half, the hypotheca, is slightly smaller than the other half, the epitheca. Diatom morphology varies. Although the shape of the cell is typically circular, some cells may be triangular, square, or elliptical.

Cells are solitary or united into colonies of various kinds, which may be linked by siliceous structures; mucilage pads, stalks or tubes; amorphous masses of mucilage, or by threads of chitin, (polysaccharide) which are secreted through strutted processes of the cell. Major pigments of diatoms are chlorophylls a and c, beta-carotene, fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin and diadinoxanthin. Diatoms are mainly photosynthetic. A few, however, are obligate heterotrophs, while others can live heterotrophically in the absence of light, provided an appropriate organic carbon source is available. Storage products are chrysolaminarin and lipids.

Hoek et al. (1995) also provide a comprehensive coverage of diatom taxonomy.

Ecology

A budget of the ocean's silicon cycle

Regions of high abundance of Diatoms in the ocean

Planktonic diatoms in freshwater and marine environments typically exhibit a "boom and bust" (or "bloom and bust") lifestyle. When conditions in the upper mixed layer (nutrients and light) are favourable (e.g. at the start of spring) their competitive edge allows them to quickly dominate phytoplankton communities ("boom" or "bloom"). As such they are often classed as opportunistic r-strategists (i.e. those organisms whose ecology is defined by a high growth rate, r).

The freshwater diatom Didymosphenia geminata, commonly known as Didymo causes severe environmental degradation in water-courses where it blooms, producing large quantities of a brown jelly-like material called "brown snot" or "rock snot". This species is native to Europe and is an invasive alien both in the antipodes and in parts of North America. The problem is most frequently recorded from Australia and New Zealand.

When conditions turn unfavourable, usually upon depletion of nutrients, diatom cells typically increase in sinking rate and exit the upper mixed layer ("bust"). This sinking is induced by either a loss of buoyancy control, the synthesis of mucilage that sticks diatoms cells together, or the production of heavy resting spores. Sinking out of the upper mixed layer removes diatoms from conditions unfavourable to growth, including grazer populations and higher temperatures (which would otherwise increase cell metabolism). Cells reaching deeper water or the shallow seafloor can then rest until conditions become more favourable again. In the open ocean, many sinking cells are lost to the deep, but refuge populations can persist near the thermocline.

Ultimately, diatom cells in these resting populations re-enter the upper mixed layer when vertical mixing entrains them. In most circumstances, this mixing also replenishes nutrients in the upper mixed layer, setting the scene for the next round of diatom blooms. In the open ocean (away from areas of continuous upwelling), this cycle of bloom, bust, then return to pre-bloom conditions typically occurs over an annual cycle, with diatoms only being prevalent during the spring and early summer. In some locations, however, an autumn bloom may occur, caused by the breakdown of summer stratification and the entrainment of nutrients while light levels are still sufficient for growth. Since vertical mixing is increasing, and light levels are falling as winter approaches, these blooms are smaller and shorter-lived than their spring equivalents.

In the open ocean, the condition that typically causes diatom (spring) blooms to end is a lack of silicon. Unlike other nutrients, this is a major requirement solely of diatoms, so it is not regenerated in the plankton ecosystem as efficiently as, for instance, nitrogen or phosphorus nutrients. This can be seen in maps of surface nutrient concentrations – as nutrients decline along gradients, silicon is usually the first to be exhausted (followed normally by nitrogen then phosphorus).

Because of this bloom-and-bust cycle, diatoms are believed to play a disproportionately important role in the export of carbon from oceanic surface waters (see also the biological pump). Significantly, they also play a key role in the regulation of the biogeochemical cycle of silicon in the modern ocean.

Egge & Aksnes (1992) figure.

The use of silicon by diatoms is believed by many researchers to be the key to their ecological success. In a now classic study, Egge and Aksnes (1992) found that diatom dominance of mesocosm communities was directly related to the availability of silicic acid — when concentrations were greater than 2 µmol m⁻³, they found that diatoms typically represented more than 70% of the phytoplankton community. Raven (1983) noted that, relative to organic cell walls, silica frustules require less energy to synthesize (approximately 8% of a comparable organic wall), potentially a significant saving on the overall cell energy budget. Other researchers have suggested that the biogenic silica in diatom cell walls acts as an effective pH buffering agent, facilitating the conversion of bicarbonate to dissolved CO₂ (which is more readily assimilated). Notwithstanding the possible advantages conferred by silicon, diatoms typically have higher growth rates than other algae of a corresponding size.

Diatoms occur in virtually every environment that contains water. This includes not only oceans, seas, lakes and streams, but also soil.

Life-cycle

Sexual reproduction of a centric diatom (oogamy)

Sexual reproduction of a pinnate diatom (morphological isogamy, physiological anisogamy)

Reproduction among these organisms is primarily asexual by binary fission, with each daughter cell receiving one of the parent cell's two frustules (or theca). This is used by each daughter cell as the larger frustule (or epitheca) into which a second, small frustule (or hypotheca) is constructed.

This form of division results in a size reduction of the daughter cell that received the smaller frustule from the parent and therefore the average cell size of a diatom population decreases, until the cells are about one-third their maximum size. It has been observed, however, that certain taxa have the ability to divide without causing a reduction in cell size. Nonetheless, in order to restore the cell size of a diatom population for those that do endure size reduction, sexual reproduction and auxospore formation must occur. Vegetative cells of diatoms are diploid (2N) and so meiosis can take place, producing male and female gametes which then fuse to form the zygote. The zygote sheds its silica theca and grows into a large sphere covered by an organic membrane, the auxospore. A new diatom cell of maximum size, the initial cell, forms within the auxospore thus beginning a new generation. Resting spores may also be formed as a response to unfavourable environmental conditions with germination occurring when conditions improve.

Diatoms are mostly non-motile; however, sperm found in some species can be flagellated, though motility is usually limited to a gliding motion. In centric diatoms, the small male gametes have one flagellum while the female gametes are large and non-motile (oogamous). Conversely, in pennate diatoms both gametes lack flagella (isoogamous). Certain araphid species, that is pennate diatoms without a raphe, have been documented as anisogamous and are, therefore, considered to represent a transitional stage between centric and raphid pennate diatoms, diatoms with a raphe.

Evolutionary history

Heterokont chloroplasts appear to be derived from those of red algae, rather than directly from prokaryotes as occurred in plants. This suggests they had a more recent origin than many other algae. However, fossil evidence is scant, and it is really only with the evolution of the diatoms themselves that the heterokonts make a serious impression on the fossil record.

The earliest known fossil diatoms date from the early Jurassic (~185 Ma ago), although the molecular clock and sedimentary evidence suggests an earlier origin. It has been suggested that their origin may be related to the end-Permian mass extinction (~250 Ma), after which many marine niches were opened. The gap between this event and the time that fossil diatoms first appear may indicate a period when diatoms were unsilicified and their evolution was cryptic. Since the advent of silicification, diatoms have made a significant impression on the fossil record, with major deposits of fossil diatoms found as far back as the early Cretaceous, and some rocks (diatomaceous earth, diatomite, kieselguhr) being composed almost entirely of them.

Although the diatoms may have existed since the Triassic, the timing of their ascendancy and "take-over" of the silicon cycle is more recent. Prior to the Phanerozoic (before 544 Ma), it is believed that microbial or inorganic processes weakly regulated the ocean's silicon cycle. Subsequently, the cycle appears dominated (and more strongly regulated) by the radiolarians and siliceous sponges, the former as zooplankton, the latter as sedentary filter feeders primarily on the continental shelves. Within the last 100 My, it is thought that the silicon cycle has come under even tighter control, and that this derives from the ecological ascendancy of the diatoms.

However, the precise timing of the "take-over" is unclear, and different authors have conflicting interpretations of the fossil record. Some evidence, such as the displacement of siliceous sponges from the shelves, suggests that this takeover began in the Cretaceous (146 Ma to 65 Ma), while evidence from radiolarians suggests "take-over" did not begin until the Cenozoic (65 Ma to present). The expansion of grassland biomes and the evolutionary radiation of grasses during the Miocene is believed to have increased the flux of soluble silicon to the oceans, and it has been argued that this has promoted the diatoms during the Cenozoic era. Recent work suggests that diatom success is decoupled from the evolution of grasses, although both diatom and grassland diversity increased strongly since the middle Miocene. Diatom diversity over the Cenozoic has been very sensitive to global temperature, particularly to the equator-pole temperature gradient. Warmer oceans, particularly warmer polar regions, have in the past been shown to have had substantially lower diatom diversity. Future warm oceans with enhanced polar warming, projected in global warming scenarios, could thus in theory result in a significant loss of diatom diversity, although from current knowledge it is impossible to say if this would occur rapidly or only over many tens of thousands of years.

Fossil record

Paralia sulcata diatom imaged using the University of Tasmania scanning electron microscope

The fossil record of diatoms has largely been established through the recovery of their siliceous frustules in marine and non-marine sediments. Although diatoms have both a marine and non-marine stratigraphic record, diatom biostratigraphy, which is based on time-constrained evolutionary originations and extinctions of unique taxa, is only well developed and widely applicable in marine systems. The duration of diatom species ranges have been documented through the study of ocean cores and rock sequences exposed on land. Where diatom biozones are well established and calibrated to the geomagnetic polarity time scale (e.g., Southern Ocean, North Pacific, eastern equatorial Pacific), diatom-based age estimates may be resolved to within <100,000 years, although typical age resolution for Cenozoic diatom assemblages is several hundred thousand years.

The Cretaceous record of diatoms is limited, but recent studies reveal a progressive diversification of diatom types. The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which in the oceans dramatically affected organisms with calcareous skeletons, appears to have had relatively little impact on diatom evolution.

Although no mass extinctions of marine diatoms have been observed during the Cenozoic, times of relatively rapid evolutionary turnover in marine diatom assemblages occurred near the Paleocene–Eocene boundary and at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary. Further turnover of assemblages took place at various times between the middle Miocene and late Pliocene, in response to progressive cooling of polar regions and the development of more endemic diatom assemblages. A global trend toward more delicate diatom frustules has been noted from the Oligocene to the Quaternary. This coincides with an increasingly more vigorous circulation of the ocean’s surface and deep waters brought about by increasing latitudinal thermal gradients at the onset of major ice sheet expansion on Antarctica and progressive cooling through the Neogene and Quaternary towards a bipolar glaciated world. This drove the diatoms into uptaking silica more competitively (i.e., to use less silica in formation of their frustules). Increased mixing of the oceans renews silica and other nutrients necessary for diatom growth in surface waters, especially in regions of coastal and oceanic upwelling.

Collection

Living diatoms are often found clinging in great numbers to filamentous algae, or forming gelatinous masses on various submerged plants. Cladophora is frequently covered with Cocconeis, an elliptically shaped diatom; Vaucheria is often covered with small forms. Diatoms are frequently present as a brown, slippery coating on submerged stones and sticks, and may be seen to "stream" with river current.

The surface mud of a pond, ditch, or lagoon will almost always yield some diatoms. They can be made to emerge by filling a jar with water and mud, wrapping it in black paper and letting direct sunlight fall on the surface of the water. Within a day, the diatoms will come to the top in a scum and can be isolated.

Since diatoms form an important part of the food of molluscs, tunicates, and fishes, the alimentary tracts of these animals often yield forms that are not easily secured in other ways. Marine diatoms can be collected by direct water sampling, though benthic forms can be secured by scraping barnacles, oyster shells, and other shells.

This section uses text from Methods in Plant Histology.

Expressed sequence tagging

The first insights into the properties of the Phaeodactylum tricornutum gene repertoire were described using 1,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Subsequently, the number of ESTs was extended to 12,000 and the diatom EST database was constructed for functional analyses. These sequences have been used to make a comparative analysis between P. tricornutum and the putative complete proteomes from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, and the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. The diatom EST database now consists of over 200,000 ESTs from P. tricornutum (16 libraries) and T. pseudonana (7 libraries) cells grown in a range of different conditions, many of which correspond to different abiotic stresses (available at http://www.biologie.ens.fr/diatomics/EST3/).

Genome sequencing

The entire genomes of the centric diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana (32.4 Mb), and the pennate diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum (27.4 Mb), have been sequenced. Comparisons of the two fully sequenced diatom genomes finds that the P. tricornutum genome includes fewer genes (10,402 opposed to 11,776) than T. pseudonana and no major synteny (gene order) could be detected between the two genomes. T. pseudonana genes show an average of ~1.52 introns per gene as opposed to 0.79 in P. tricornutum, suggesting recent widespread intron gain in the centric diatom. Despite relatively recent evolutionary divergence (90 million years), the extent of molecular divergence between centrics and pennates indicates rapid evolutionary rates within the Bacillariophyceae compared to other eukaryotic groups. Comparative genomics also established that a specific class of transposable elements, the Diatom Copia-like retrotransposons (or CoDis), has been significantly amplified in the P. tricornutum genome with respect to T. pseudonana, constituting 5.8 and 1% of the respective genomes.

Importantly, diatom genomics brought much information about the extent and dynamics of the endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT) process. Comparison of the T. pseudonana proteins with homologs in other organisms suggested that hundreds have their closest homologs in the Plantae lineage. EGT towards diatom genomes can be illustrated by the fact that the T. pseudonana genome encodes six proteins which are most closely related to genes encoded by the Guillardia theta (cryptomonad) nucleomorph genome. Four of these genes are also found in red algal plastid genomes, thus demonstrating successive EGT from red algal plastid to red algal nucleus (nucleomorph) to heterokont host nucleus. More recent phylogenomic analyses of diatom proteomes provided evidence for a prasinophyte-like endosymbiont in the common ancestor of chromalveolates as supported by the fact the 70% of diatom genes of Plantae origin are of green lineage provenance and that such genes are also found in the genome of other stramenopiles. Therefore, it was proposed that chromalveolates are the product of serial secondary endosymbiosis first with a green algae, followed by a second one with a red algae that conserved the genomic footprints of the previous but displaced the green plastid. However, phylogenomic analyses of diatom proteomes and chromalveolate evolutionary history will likely take advantage of complementary genomic data from under-sequenced lineages such as red algae.

In addition to EGT, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can occur independently of an endosymbiotic event. The publication of the P. tricornutum genome reported that at least 587 P. tricornutum genes appear to be most closely related to bacterial genes, accounting for more than 5% of the P. tricornutum proteome. About half of these are also found in the T. pseudonana genome, attesting their ancient incorporation in the diatom lineage.

Forensic research

The main goal of diatom analysis in forensics is to differentiate a death by submersion from a post-mortem immersion of a body in water. Laboratory tests may reveal the presence of diatoms in the body. Since the silica-based skeletons of diatoms do not readily decay, they can sometimes be detected even in heavily decomposed bodies. As they do not occur naturally in the body, if laboratory tests show diatoms in the corpse that are of the same species found in the water where the body was recovered, then it may be good evidence of drowning as the cause of death. Further matching of diatoms from bone marrow and drowning site can strengthen this supportive evidence and a positive conclusion can be drawn whether a person was living or not when submerged.

Nanotechnology research

The deposition of silica by diatoms may also prove to be of utility to nanotechnology. Diatom cells repeatedly and reliably manufacture valves of various shapes and sizes, potentially allowing diatoms to manufacture micro- or nano-scale structures which may be of use in a range of devices, including: optical systems; semiconductor nanolithography; and even using diatom valves as vehicles for drug delivery. Using an appropriate artificial selection procedure, diatoms that produce valves of particular shapes and sizes could be evolved in the laboratory, and then used in chemostat cultures to mass-produce nanoscale components. It has also been proposed that diatoms could be used as a component of solar cells, by substituting photosensitive titanium dioxide for the silicon dioxide normally used in the creation of cell walls. Diatom biofuel producing solar panels have also been proposed.

Microbial degradation

Certain species of bacteria in oceans and lakes can accelerate the rate of dissolution of silica in dead and living diatoms by using hydrolytic enzymes to break down the organic algal material.

See also

• Algae
• Biological pump
• Diatomaceous earth
• Phytoplankton
• Plankton

References

External links

• Catalogue of Diatom Names, California Academy of Sciences
• Diatom Genome, Joint Genome Institute
• Diatom EST database, École Normale Supérieure
• Plankton*Net, taxonomic database including images of diatom species
• Life History and Ecology of Diatoms, University of California Museum of Paleontology
• Diatoms: A Freshwater Curiosity, The BioFresh Cabinet of Freshwater Curiosities
• Diatoms: 'Nature's Marbles', Eureka site, University of Bergen
• Diatom life history and ecology, Microfossil Image Recovery and Circulation for Learning and Education (MIRACLE), University College London
• Diatom page, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
• Geometry and Pattern in Nature 3: The holes in radiolarian and diatom tests
• Art Deco Diatoms, Wim van Egmond
• Diatom QuickFacts, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
• Algae image database Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP)
• Diatom taxa Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP)
• Now, energy from single celled algae Deccan Herald
• Computer simulations of pattern formation in diatoms
• aDiatomea, an artificial life experiment with highly detailed 3d generated diatoms
• Glass in Nature, The Corning Museum of Glass

Japanese Journal

• 播磨灘および大阪湾における海底泥中の珪藻類休眠期細胞の分布と組成

• 今井 一郎,石田 貴子,板倉 茂,山口 峰生
• 北海道大学水産科学研究彙報 65(1), 31-38, 2015-03-16
• … Spatial distributions of viable diatom resting stage cells (DRSC) in bottom sediments (top 3-cm depth) of Harima-Nada andOsaka Bay, eastern Seto 1nland Sea, were investigated with the extinction dilution method (Most Probable Number (MPN)method) based on sediment incubation. … The DRSCs in bottom sedimentsgenerally distributed more abundantly at the coasts of Harima-Nada where more frequent diatom blooms have occurredthan offshore areas showing lower densities of DRSCs. …
• NAID 120005553695

• 潮汐変動と浮遊物質量の関係およびアマモの地球化学的検討からみた瀬戸内海笠岡湾干潟の環境評価

• 石賀 裕明,佐野 絵里香
• 島根大学地球資源環境学研究報告 33, 39-47, 2015-02-27
• … SEM observation demonstrates that the material of the spring tide was composed of diatom mainly of Skeletonema sp. … This is suggestive of lacking of intake of iodine for diatom of these samples. …
• NAID 110009890896

• 海産底生珪藻の形態と分類(6)クダズミケイソウ属(ヒメクダズミケイソウ科,フナガタケイソウ目)(第1部)

• 岸 克彦,鈴木 秀和,藤田 大介 [他]
• 植物研究雑誌 90(1), 39-45, 2015-02
• NAID 40020367729

Related Links

• Diatom | Define Diatom at Dictionary.com - Dictionary.com ...

In fact, the two pass without any sharp boundary into each other, and both present transitions to the diatom ooze. ... The size of the diatom, the amount of gelatine, and several other factors, will enter into the question of success or ...

• Diatoms - Tree of Life Web Project

The silica of the diatom cell wall is resistant to decay, although it will begin to dissolve once its organic coating has been stripped off. Once incorporated into silica-rich sediments, however, frustules may survive for hundreds to millions ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「珪藻」「珪藻類」
拡張検索	「diatomaceous」「diatomaceous earth」「diatom earth」

「珪藻」

　　[★]

英

diatom、diatomaceous

関

珪藻土、珪藻類

「珪藻類」

　　[★]

英

diatom

関

珪藻

「diatomaceous」

　　[★]

• 珪藻土の、珪藻の

関

diatom、diatom earth、diatomaceous earth

「diatomaceous earth」

　　[★]

• 珪藻土

関

Celite、diatom earth、diatomaceous

「diatom earth」

　　[★]

• 珪藻土

関

diatomaceous、diatomaceous earth