diapedesis

血管外漏出 　

WordNet

1. passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue
2. remove the charge from
3. a substance that is emitted or released (同)emission
4. any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body; "the discharge of pus" (同)emission, expelling
5. electrical conduction through a gas in an applied electric field (同)spark, arc, electric arc, electric_discharge
6. the act of discharging a gun (同)firing, firing off
7. the act of venting (同)venting
8. the pouring forth of a fluid (同)outpouring, run
9. the sudden giving off of energy
10. release from military service (同)muster out
11. pour forth or release; "discharge liquids"
12. tell anonymously; "The news were leaked to the paper"
13. a euphemism for urination; "he had to take a leak" (同)wetting, making water, passing water
14. have an opening that allows light or substances to enter or go out; "The container leaked gasoline"; "the roof leaks badly"
15. soft watery rot in fruits and vegetables caused by fungi
16. unauthorized (especially deliberate) disclosure of confidential information (同)news leak
17. an accidental hole that allows something (fluid or light etc.) to enter or escape; "one of the tires developed a leak"
18. be leaked; "The news leaked out despite his secrecy" (同)leak out
19. enter or escape as through a hole or crack or fissure; "Water leaked out of the can into the backpack"; "Gas leaked into the basement"
20. force out or cause to escape from a proper vessel or channel
21. geology: cause molten material, such as lava, to pour forth

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈船〉‘の'『荷を降ろす』;(積荷・客を)〈船〉‘から'降ろす《+『名』〈船〉+『of』+『名』〈荷〉》;(船から)〈積荷・客〉‘を'降ろす《+『名』〈荷〉+『from』+『名』〈船〉》 / (…に)…‘を'『発射する』《+『名』+『at』(『into』)+『名』》 / 〈煙・液体〉‘を'『出す』,排出する / (…から)〈人〉‘を'解放する,‘に'行くことを許す《+『名』〈人〉+『from』+『名』》 / (仕事から)〈人〉‘を'解雇する,くびにする《+『名』〈人〉+『from』+『名』》 / 〈職務・義務・約束など〉‘を'果たす,遂行する(fulfill) / 〈借金〉‘を'返済する,支払う(pay) / 〈電池など〉‘から'放電する / 〈船が〉『荷を降ろす』,荷揚げする / 〈水などが〉流れ出る,注ぐ,流出する / 〈鉄砲などが〉発射される / 放電する / 〈U〉『荷降ろし』,荷揚げ / 〈C〉発砲,発射 / 〈C〉『放出』,流出,排出;排出物 / 〈U〉解任,退出,解雇;解放,釈放 / 〈U〉(職務・義務などの)『遂行』,履行 / 〈U〉(負債の)『返済』,弁済 / 〈C〉〈U〉(電気の)放電
2. 〈U〉〈C〉(水・空気・ガス・光などが)漏れること / 〈C〉『漏れ口』,漏れ穴 / 〈C〉(秘密などの)漏えい《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈船・屋根・容器などが〉漏る / (…から,…の中へ)〈水・空気・ガス・光など〉漏れる《+『from』(『into』)+『名』》 / 〈秘密などが〉漏えいする《+『out』》 / 〈水・空気・ガス・光など〉‘を'漏らす / (…に)〈秘密など〉‘を'漏らす《+『名』+『to』+『名』》
3. 〈U〉漏ること,漏れ / 〈C〉漏る量,漏出量 / 〈U〉(秘密などの)漏えい《+『of』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/05 10:56:54」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Neutrophils extravasate from blood vessels to the site of tissue injury or infection during the innate immune response

Leukocyte extravasation is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection. This process forms part of the innate immune response, involving the recruitment of non-specific leukocytes. Monocytes also use this process in the absence of infection or tissue damage during their development into macrophages.

Overview

Leukocyte extravasation occurs mainly in post-capillary venules, where haemodynamic shear forces are minimised. This process can be understood in several steps, outlined below as "chemoattraction", "rolling adhesion", "tight adhesion" and "(endothelial) transmigration". It has been demonstrated that leukocyte recruitment is halted whenever any of these steps is suppressed.

White blood cells (Leukocytes) do most of their functions in tissues. Functions include phagocytosis of foreign particles, production of antibodies, secretion of inflammatory response triggers (histamine and heparin), neutralize histamine. In general, leukocytes are involved in the defense of an organism and protect it from disease by promoting or inhibiting inflammatory responses. Leukocytes use the blood as a transport medium to reach the tissues of the body. Studying the question about how leukocytes are capable of getting out of the blood has led to our currently known information on leukocyte extravasation.

Chemoattraction

Upon recognition of and activation by pathogens, resident macrophages in the affected tissue release cytokines such as IL-1, TNFα and chemokines. IL-1 and TNFα cause the endothelial cells of blood vessels near the site of infection to express cellular adhesion molecules, including selectins. Circulating leukocytes are localised towards the site of injury or infection due to the presence of chemokines.

Rolling adhesion

Like velcro, carbohydrate ligands on the circulating leukocytes bind to selectin molecules on the inner wall of the vessel, with marginal affinity. This causes the leukocytes to slow down and begin rolling along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands.

Tight adhesion

At the same time, chemokines released by macrophages activate the rolling leukocytes and cause surface integrin molecules to switch from the default low-affinity state to a high-affinity state. This is assisted through juxtacrine activation of integrins by chemokines and soluble factors released by endothelial cells. In the activated state, integrins bind tightly to complementary receptors expressed on endothelial cells, with high affinity. This causes the immobilisation of the leukocytes, despite the shear forces of the ongoing blood flow.

Transmigration

The cytoskeletons of the leukocytes are reorganised in such a way that the leukocytes are spread out over the endothelial cells. In this form, leukocytes extend pseudopodia and pass through gaps between endothelial cells. Transmigration of the leukocyte occurs as PECAM proteins, found on the leukocyte and endothelial cell surfaces, interact and effectively pull the cell through the endothelium. Once through the endothelium, the leukocyte must penetrate the basement membrane. The mechanism for penetration is disputed, but may involve proteolytic digestion of the membrane, mechanical force, or both. The entire process of blood vessel escape is known as diapedesis. Once in the interstitial fluid, leukocytes migrate along a chemotactic gradient towards the site of injury or infection.

Molecular biology

Leukocyte extravasation

Selectins

Selectins are expressed shortly after cytokine activation of endothelial cells by tissue macrophages. Activated endothelial cells initially express P-selectin molecules, but within two hours after activation E-selectin expression is favoured. Endothelial selectins bind carbohydrates on leukocyte transmembrane glycoproteins, including sialyl-Lewis^X.

• P-selectins: P-selectin is expressed on activated endothelial cells and platelets. Synthesis of P-selectin can be induced by thrombin, leukotriene B4, complement fragment C5a, histamine, TNFα or LPS. These cytokines induce the externalisation of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells, presenting pre-formed P-selectins on the endothelial cell surface. P-selectins bind PSGL-1 as a ligand.
• E-selectins: E-selectin is expressed on activated endothelial cells. Synthesis of E-selectin follows shortly after P-selectin synthesis, induced by cytokines such as IL-1 and TNFα. E-selectins bind PSGL-1 and ESL-1.
• L-selectins: L-selectins are constitutively expressed on some leukocytes, and are known to bind GlyCAM-1, MadCAM-1 and CD34 as ligands.

Suppressed expression of some selectins results in a slower immune response. If L-selectin is not produced, the immune response may be ten times slower, as P-selectins (which can also be produced by leukocytes) bind to each other. P-selectins can bind each other with high affinity, but occur less frequently because the receptor-site density is lower than with the smaller E-selectin molecules. This increases the initial leukocyte rolling speed, prolonging the slow rolling phase.

Integrins

Integrins involved in cellular adhesion are primarily expressed on leukocytes. β2 integrins on rolling leukocytes bind endothelial cellular adhesion molecules, arresting cell movement.

• LFA-1 is found on circulating leukocytes, and binds ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 on endothelial cells
• Mac-1 is found on circulating leukocytes, and binds ICAM-1 on endothelial cells
• VLA-4 is found on leukocytes and endothelial cells, and facilitates chemotaxis; it also binds VCAM-1

Cellular activation via extracellular chemokines causes pre-formed β2 integrins to be released from cellular stores. Integrin molecules migrate to the cell surface and congregate in high-avidity patches. Intracellular integrin domains associate with the leukocyte cytoskeleton, via mediation with cytosolic factors such as talin, α-actinin and vinculin. This association causes a conformational shift in the integrin's tertiary structure, allowing ligand access to the binding site. Divalent cations (e.g. Mg²⁺) are also required for integrin-ligand binding.

Integrin ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are activated by inflammatory cytokines, while ICAM-2 is constitutively expressed by some endothelial cells but downregulated by inflammatory cytokines. ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 share two homologous N-terminal domains; both can bind LFA-1.

During chemotaxis, cell movement is facilitated by the binding of β1 integrins to components of the extracellular matrix: VLA-3, VLA-4 and VLA-5 to fibronectin and VLA-2 and VLA-3 to collagen and other extracellular matrix components.

Cytokines

Extravasation is regulated by the background cytokine environment produced by the inflammatory response, and is independent of specific cellular antigens. Cytokines released in the initial immune response induce vasodilation and lower the electrical charge along the vessel's surface. Blood flow is slowed, facilitating intermolecular binding.

• IL-1 activates resident lymphocytes and vascular endothelia
• TNFα increases vascular permeability and activates vascular endothelia
• CXCL8 (IL-8) forms a chemotactic gradient that directs leukocytes towards site of tissue injury/infection (CCL2 has a similar function to CXCL8, inducing monocyte extravasation and development into macrophages); also activates leukocyte integrins

Recent Advances

In 1976, SEM images showed that there were homing receptors on microvilli-like tips on leukocytes that would allow white blood cells to get out of the blood vessel and get into tissue. Since the 1990s the identity of ligands involved in leukocyte extravasation have been studied heavily. This topic was finally able to be studied thoroughly under physiological shear stress conditions using a typical flow chamber. Since the first experiments, a strange phenomenon was observed. Binding interactions between the white blood cells and the vessel walls were observed to become stronger under higher force. Selectins (E-selection, L-selection, and P-selectin) were found to be involved in this phenomenon. The shear threshold requirement seems counterintuitive because increasing shear elevates the force applied to adhesive bonds and it would seem that this should increase the dislodging ability. Nevertheless, cells roll more slowly and more regularly until an optimal shear is reached where rolling velocity is minimal. This paradoxical phenomenon has not been satisfactorily explained despite the widespread interest. One initially dismissed hypothesis that has been gaining interest is the catch bond hypothesis, where the increased force on the cell slows off-rates and lengthen the bond lifetimes and stabilizing the rolling step of leukocyte extravasation. Flow-enhanced cell adhesion is still an unexplained phenomenon that could result from a transport-dependent increase in on-rates or a force-dependent decrease in off-rates of adhesive bonds. L-selectin requires a particular minimum of shear to sustain leukocyte rolling on P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and other vascular ligands. It has been hypothesized that low forces decrease L-selectin–PSGL-1 off-rates (catch bonds), whereas higher forces increase off-rates (slip bonds). Experiments have found that a force-dependent decrease in off-rates dictated flow-enhanced rolling of L-selectin–bearing microspheres or neutrophils on PSGL-1. ^[5] Catch bonds enable increasing force to convert short bond lifetimes into long bond lifetimes, which decrease rolling velocities and increase the regularity of rolling steps as shear rose from the threshold to an optimal value. As shear increases, transitions to slip bonds shorten their bond lifetimes and increase rolling velocities and decrease rolling regularity. It is hypothesized that force-dependent alterations of bond lifetimes govern L-selectin–dependent cell adhesion below and above the shear optimum. These findings establish a biological function for catch bonds as a mechanism for flow-enhanced cell adhesion. While leukocytes seem to undergo a catch bond behavior with increasing flow leading to the tethering and rolling steps in leukocyte extravasation, firm adhesion is achieved through another mechanism, integrin activation. Other biological examples of a catch bond mechanism is seen in bacteria that tightly cling to urinary tract walls in response to high fluid velocities and large shear forces exerted on the cells and bacteria with adhesive tips of fimbria. Schematic mechanisms of how increased shear force is proposed to cause stronger binding interactions between bacteria and target cells show that the catch bond acts very similar to a Chinese finger trap. For a catch-bond, the force on the cell pulls the adhesive tip of a fimbria to close tighter on its target cell. As the strength of the forces increases, the stronger the bond between the fimbria and the cell-receptor on the surface of the target cell. For a cryptic-bond, the force causes the fimbria to swivel toward the target cell and have more binding sites able to attach to the target cell ligands, mainly sugar molecules. This creates a stronger bonding interaction between the bacteria and the target cell.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Main article: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a genetic disease associated with a defect in the leukocyte extravasation process, caused by a defective integrin β2 chain (found in LFA-1 and Mac-1). This impairs the ability of the leukocytes to stop and undergo diapedesis. People with LAD suffer from recurrent bacterial infections and impaired wound healing. Neutrophilia is a hallmark of LAD.

References

• Aplin AE, Howe A, Alahari SK and Juliano RL (1998). "Signal transduction and signal modulation by cell adhesion receptors: the role of integrins, cadherins, immunoglobulin-cell adhesion molecules, and selectins". Pharmacological Reviews 50 (2): 197–264. PMID 9647866. 
• Anderson, A.O; Anderson, N.D (1976). "Lymphocyte emigration from high endothelial venules in rat lymph nodes.". Immunology 31 (5): 731–748. PMC 1445135. PMID 992709. 
• Wiese, G. Barthel, S.R.; Dimitroff, C.J (2009). "Analysis of Physiologic E-Selectin-Mediated Leukocyte Rolling on Microvascular Endothelium.". J Vis Exp 24: 1009. doi:10.3791/1009. 
• Thomas, W.E., Nilsson L.M., Forero, M. Sokurenko, E.V., Vogel, V (2004). "Shear-dependent ‘stick and roll’ adhesion of type 1 fimbirated Escherichia coli.". Molec Microbiolgy 53 (5): 1545–1557. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04226.x. PMID 15387828. 
• Yago, T.; Wu, J.; Wey, C.D.; Klopocki, A.G.; Zhu, C; Mcever, R.P. (2004). "Catch bonds govern adhesion through L-selection at threshold shear.". J Cell Biol. 166 (6): 913–923. doi:10.1083/jcb.200403144. PMC 2172126. PMID 15364963. 
• Thomas W.E., E. Trintchina, M. Forero, V. Vogel, and E. V. Sokurenko. (2002). "Bacterial adhesion to target cells enhanced by shear force.". Cell 109 (7): 913–923. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00796-1. PMID 12110187. 
• Dept of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia. "Inflammation: The Leukocyte Adhesion Cascade". 
• Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M and Shlomick MJ (2005). Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease (6th ed.). New York: Garland Science Publishing. pp. 76–84. ISBN 0-8153-4101-6. 
• Kindt TJ, Osborne BA and Goldsby RA (2007). "Overview of the Immune System". Kuby Immunology (6th ed.). 
• Mak TW and Saunders ME; Chaddah MR and Tamminen WL (2006). The Immune Response: Basic and Clinical Principles. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Inc. pp. 61–2. 
• Male D, Brostoff J, Roth DB and Roitt I (2006). Immunology (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited. pp. 130–8. 
• Nairn R and Helbert M (2002). Immunology for Medical Students. Edinburgh: Harcourt Publishers Ltd. pp. 106–7. 

External links

• Animation of the adhesion process

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Related Links

• Diapedesis | Define Diapedesis at Dictionary.com

diapedesis / ˌdaɪ ə pɪˈdi sɪs / Show Spelled [dahy-uh-pi-dee-sis] Show IPA noun Physiology. the passage of blood cells, especially leukocytes, through the unruptured walls of the capillaries into the tissues. Origin: 1615–25; Neo ...

• Diapedesis' | Define Diapedesis' at Dictionary.com

diapedesis / ˌdaɪ ə pɪˈdi sɪs / Show Spelled [dahy-uh-pi-dee-sis] Show IPA noun Physiology. the passage of blood cells, especially leukocytes, through the unruptured walls of the capillaries into the tissues. Origin: 1615–25; Neo ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「discharge」「漏出」「leak」「extravasate」「血管外遊出」

「discharge」

　　[★]

• vt.

• (荷を)おろす、陸揚げする(城郭を)おろす
• (水などを)放出する(intop)。外に出す、吐き出す、発する。排出する、排泄する。

• vi.
• n.

• 荷揚げ、荷下ろし
• 発射、発砲。放電。吐き出し。放出、流出、吐出。排出物、分泌物。流出量

関

desorb、diapedesis、efflux、egress、ejection、emission、excrement、excreta、extrusion、feces、firing、hospital discharge、leak、leakage、outflow、patient discharge、release、runoff、secrete、secretion、shot

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「漏出」

　　[★]

英

transudate, diapedesis, diapiresis, emigration, extravasation, transmigration

同

血管外遊出

• 血管内皮を通って、静水圧と膠質浸透圧の差の圧力に従って血漿が組織に移行すること

「leak」

　　[★]

• n.

• 漏出、漏れ、漏洩、リーク

• v.

• 漏れる、漏出させる、リークさせる

関

diapedesis、discharge、escape、leakage

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「extravasate」

　　[★]

• vt.

• (血液、リンパ液などを)管外に遊出させる

• vi

• (血液、リンパ液などを)管外に遊出する

• n.

• 遊出物、溢出物

関

diapedesis、extravasation

　 　

「血管外遊出」

　　[★]

英

extravasation、diapedesis、extravasate

関

溢血、血管外遊出物、血管外遊走、漏出、血管外漏出