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関: detoxicate、detoxication、detoxify

WordNet

a treatment for addiction to drugs or alcohol intended to remove the physiological effects of the addictive substances
treatment for poisoning by neutralizing the toxic properties (normally a function of the liver)
remove poison from; "detoxify the soil" (同)detoxicate

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/31 11:01:37」(JST)

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This article is about Detoxification. For other uses, see Detox (disambiguation).

Detoxification (detox for short)^[1] is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism, including, but not limited to, the human body and additionally can refer to the period of withdrawal during which an organism returns to homeostasis after long-term use of an addictive substance.^[2]^[3] In medicine, detoxification can be achieved by decontamination of poison ingestion and the use of antidotes as well as techniques such as dialysis and (in a limited number of cases) chelation therapy.^[4]

Many alternative medicine practitioners promote various other types of detoxification such as detoxification diets but scientists have described these as a "waste of time and money".^[5]^[6] Sense About Science, a UK-based charitable trust determined that most commercial products' "detox" claims lack any supporting evidence.^[7]^[8]

Types of detoxification[edit source | edit]

Alcohol detoxification[edit source | edit]

Main article: Alcohol detoxification

Alcohol detoxification is a process by which a heavy drinker's system is brought back to normal after being used to having alcohol in the body on a continual basis. Serious alcohol addiction results in a decrease in production of GABA, a reuptake inhibitor, because alcohol acts to replace it. Precipitous withdrawal from long-term alcohol addiction without medical management can cause severe health problems and can be fatal. Alcohol detox is not a treatment for alcoholism. After detoxification, other treatments must be undergone to deal with the underlying addiction that caused the alcohol use.

Drug detoxification[edit source | edit]

Main article: Drug detoxification

Drug detoxification is used to reduce or relieve withdrawal symptoms while helping the addicted individual adjust to living without drug use; drug detoxification is not meant to treat addiction but rather an early step in long-term treatment. Detoxification may be achieved drug free or may use medications as an aspect of treatment. Often drug detoxification and treatment will occur in a community program that lasts several months and takes place in a residential rather than medical center.

Drug detoxification varies depending on the location of treatment, but most detox centers provide treatment to avoid the symptoms of physical withdrawal to alcohol & other drugs. Most also incorporate counseling and therapy during detox to help with the consequences of withdrawal.

Metabolic detoxification[edit source | edit]

An animal's metabolism can produce harmful substances which it can then make less toxic through reduction, oxidation (collectively known as redox reactions), conjugation and excretion of molecules from cells or tissues.^[9] This is called xenobiotic metabolism.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] Enzymes that are important in detoxification metabolism include cytochrome P450 oxidases,^[14] UDP-glucuronosyltransferases,^[15] and glutathione S-transferases.^[16] These processes are particularly well-studied as part of drug metabolism, as they influence the pharmacokinetics of a drug in the body.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Alternative medicine[edit source | edit]

Main article: Detoxification (alternative medicine)

Certain approaches in alternative medicine claim to remove "toxins" from the body through herbal, electrical or electromagnetic treatments (such as the Aqua Detox treatment). These toxins are undefined and have no scientific basis,^[6] making the validity of such techniques questionable. There is no evidence for toxic accumulation in these cases,^[6] as the liver and kidneys automatically detoxify and excrete many toxic materials including metabolic wastes. Under this theory if toxins are too rapidly released without being safely eliminated (such as metabolizing fat that stores toxins) they can damage the body and cause malaise. Therapies include contrast showers, detoxification foot pads, oil pulling, Gerson therapy, snake-stones, body cleansing, Scientology's Purification Rundown, water fasting, and metabolic therapy.^[20]

References[edit source | edit]

^ "detoxification - definition of detoxification by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
^ "detoxify - definition of detoxify in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
^ "Toxicology Primer". UIC. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
^ "Get the Lead Out - Autumn 2009 Living Bird". Birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
^ "Scientists dismiss detox schemes". BBC News. 3 January, 2006. Retrieved May, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mayo Clinic Website
^ Scientists dismiss detox schemes
^ No proof so-called detox products work: scientists
^ http://www.mdcom.qc.ca/
^ xenobiotic metabolic process (2013-04-13). "AmiGO: xenobiotic metabolic process Details". Amigo.geneontology.org. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ "Metabolism of Xenobiotics". Zoology.muohio.edu. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
^ [2]^{[dead link]}
^ Danielson P (2002). "The cytochrome P450 superfamily: biochemistry, evolution and drug metabolism in humans". Curr Drug Metab 3 (6): 561–97. doi:10.2174/1389200023337054. PMID 12369887.
^ King C, Rios G, Green M, Tephly T (2000). "UDP-glucuronosyltransferases". Curr Drug Metab 1 (2): 143–61. doi:10.2174/1389200003339171. PMID 11465080.
^ Sheehan D, Meade G, Foley V, Dowd C (2001). "Structure, function and evolution of glutathione transferases: implications for classification of non-mammalian members of an ancient enzyme superfamily". Biochem J 360 (Pt 1): 1–16. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3600001. PMC 1222196. PMID 11695986.
^ "Small Molecule Drug Metabolism". Ionsource.com. 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
^ "Comparison of the Levels of Enzymes Involved in Drug Metabolism between Transgenic or Gene-knockout and the Parental Mice". Tpx.sagepub.com. 2001-01-01. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
^ D M Dulik and C Fenselau (1988-04-01). "Use of immobilized enzymes in drug metabolism studies". Fasebj.org. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
^ Metabolic Therapy

External links[edit source | edit]

Drug Rehabilitation at the Open Directory Project

UpToDate Contents

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1. オピオイド中毒治療中の離脱症状 opioid detoxification during treatment for addiction
2. 外来におけるアルコール離脱症状の治療 ambulatory alcohol detoxification
3. 中等度および重度のアルコール離脱症候群のマネージメント management of moderate and severe alcohol withdrawal syndromes
4. 治療継続中の物質依存の臨床的マネージメント clinical management of substance dependence across the continuum of care
5. 緊急時のオピオイド離脱 opioid withdrawal in the emergency setting

English Journal

Hydroxytyrosyl ethyl ether exhibits stronger intestinal anticarcinogenic potency and effects on transcript profiles compared to hydroxytyrosol.

Pereira-Caro G, Mateos R, Traka MH, Bacon JR, Bongaerts R, Sarriá B, Bravo L, Kroon PA.SourceInstitute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK; IFAPA, Centro Venta del Llano, Road Bailén-Motril, Km 18.5, 23620 Mengibar (Jaén), Spain.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Jun 1;138(2-3):1172-82. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.118. Epub 2012 Dec 5.
The anticarcinogenic activity of hydroxytyrosyl ethyl ether (HTy-Et) compared to its precursor hydroxytyrosol (HTy) has been studied in human Caco-2 colon adenocarcinoma cells. 451 and 977 genes were differentially expressed in Caco-2 cells exposed to HTy or HTy-Et for 24h, respectively, compared wi
PMID 23411228

Nuclear factor-E2 (Nrf2) is regulated through the differential activation of ERK1/2 and PKC α/βII by Gymnasterkoreayne B.

Lee KM, Kang K, Lee SB, Nho CW.SourceFunctional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 210-340, Republic of Korea.
Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2013 Apr 28;330(2):225-32. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.053. Epub 2012 Dec 5.
Phytochemicals are well known to have cancer chemopreventive effects by induction of phase II detoxification enzymes including quinone reductase (NQO-1) and glutathione-S-transferases. These detoxification enzymes are commonly regulated by nuclear factor-E2 (Nrf2), which is a representative antioxid
PMID 23219897

Predictors of outcome after short-term stabilization with buprenorphine.

Hillhouse M, Canamar CP, Ling W.SourceSemel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. Electronic address: hillhous@ucla.edu.
Journal of substance abuse treatment.J Subst Abuse Treat.2013 Apr;44(3):336-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2012.08.016. Epub 2012 Sep 26.
Using buprenorphine as a medication to treat opioid dependence is becoming more prevalent as illicit opiate use increases. Identifying the characteristics of opiate dependent individuals best suited to benefit from buprenorphine would improve guidelines for its administration. This study evaluates b
PMID 23021099

Cholinesterase and carboxylesterase inhibition in Planorbarius corneus exposed to binary mixtures of azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos.

Cacciatore LC, Verrengia Guerrero N, Cochón AC.SourceDepartamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Aquat Toxicol.2013 Mar 15;128-129:124-34. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.005. Epub 2012 Dec 20.
Though pesticide mixtures are commonly encountered in fresh water systems, the knowledge of their effects on non-target aquatic species is scarce. The present investigation was undertaken to explore the in vivo inhibition of the freshwater gastropod snail Planorbarius corneus cholinesterase (ChE) an
PMID 23291050

Japanese Journal

Resistance to cypermethrin in melon thrips, Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is conferred by reduced sensitivity of the sodium channel and CYP450-mediated detoxification

Bao Wen Xue,Sonoda Shoji
Applied entomology and zoology 47(4), 443-448, 2012-11
NAID 40019495919

ゲノム情報に基づく大腸癌化学療法(<特集>医療・診断)

恒富亮一,硲彰一,岡正朗
日本AEM学会誌 20(3), 589-593, 2012-09-10
NAID 110009544607

Complete detoxification of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate by two bacterial strains: Sphingobium sp. strain TCM1 and Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain GJ10

Takahashi Shouji,Miura Kaneharu,Abe Katsumasa
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(3), 306-311, 2012-09
NAID 40019424913

Complete detoxification of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate by two bacterial strains : Sphingobium sp. strain TCM1 and Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain GJ10(ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Takahashi Shouji,Miura Kaneharu,Abe Katsumasa,Kera Yoshio
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(3), 306-311, 2012-09
… This study was undertaken to develop a detoxification technique of TCEP using strain TCM1 with a 2-CE-degrading bacterium: Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain GJ10. … Based on these results, we designed a two-step TCEP detoxification reaction consisting of TCEP hydrolysis to 2-CE by strain TCM1-resting cells and the following degradation of the resulting 2-CE by strain GJ10-growing cells. …
NAID 110009517382

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Abnormal detoxification of reactive arene oxide metabolites of the three aromatic anticonvulsants predisposes patients to these reactions.(Hypersensitivity syndrome - Drug eruptions)