WordNet

without a mucous or watery discharge; "a dry cough"; "that rare thing in the wintertime; a small child with a dry nose"
become dry or drier; "The laundry dries in the sun" (同)dry out
remove the moisture from and make dry; "dry clothes"; "dry hair" (同)dry out
a reformer who opposes the use of intoxicating beverages (同)prohibitionist
humorously sarcastic or mocking; "dry humor"; "an ironic remark often conveys an intended meaning obliquely"; "an ironic novel"; "an ironical smile"; "with a wry Scottish wit" (同)ironic, ironical, wry
lacking interest or stimulation; dull and lifeless; "a dry book"; "a dry lecture filled with trivial details"; "dull and juiceless as only book knowledge can be when it is unrelated to...life"- John Mason Brown (同)juiceless
practicing complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages; "hes been dry for ten years"; "no thank you; I happen to be teetotal" (同)teetotal
(of food) eaten without a spread or sauce or other garnish; "dry toast"; "dry meat"
(of liquor) having a low residual sugar content because of decomposition of sugar during fermentation; "a dry white burgundy"; "a dry Bordeaux"
free from liquid or moisture; lacking natural or normal moisture or depleted of water; or no longer wet; "dry land"; "dry clothes"; "a dry climate"; "dry splintery boards"; "a dry river bed"; "the paint is dry"
having a large proportion of strong liquor; "a very dry martini is almost straight gin"
having no adornment or coloration; "dry facts"; "rattled off the facts in a dry mechanical manner"
lacking moisture or volatile components; "dry paint"
lacking warmth or emotional involvement; "a dry greeting"; "a dry reading of the lines"; "a dry critique"
not producing milk; "a dry cow"
not shedding tears; "dry sobs"; "with dry eyes"
opposed to or prohibiting the production and sale of alcoholic beverages; "the dry vote led by preachers and bootleggers"; "a dry state"
unproductive especially of the expected results; "a dry run"; "a mind dry of new ideas"
used of solid substances in contrast with liquid ones; "dry weight"
lacking sufficient water or rainfall; "an arid climate"; "a waterless well"; "miles of waterless country to cross" (同)waterless
lacking vitality or spirit; lifeless; "a technically perfect but arid performance of the sonata"; "a desiccate romance"; "a prissy and emotionless creature...settles into a mold of desiccated snobbery"-C.J.Rolo (同)desiccate, desiccated
a prolonged shortage; "when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought" (同)drouth
a shortage of rainfall; "farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season" (同)drouth
thoroughly dried out; "old boxes of desiccated Cuban cigars"; "dried-out boards beginning to split" (同)dried-out

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'からからに乾燥させる
『乾いた』,乾燥した / 『雨の降らない』,日照り続きの / 水のかれた,干上がった / (家畜などが)乳の出ない / 涙の出ない / 液状でない,固形の / のどが乾く,のどが乾いた / (パンが)バター(ジャム)などのついていない;(パン・ケーキが)古い,固くなった / ありのままの,飾りけのない,そっけない / (ユーモア・皮肉などが)さりげない / (ぶどう酒などが)辛口の / 禁酒の,禁酒法実施の / …‘を'『乾かす』《+『名』+『up,』+『up』+『名』》 / (手ぬぐい・ハンカチなどで)〈手・足など〉‘を'ぬぐう,ふく《+『名』+『with』(『on』)+『名』》 / (保存のために)〈食物〉‘を'乾燥させる / 『乾く』,〈水が〉かれる《+『up』(『out』)》
(土地などが)乾燥した,不毛の / (本・話などが)つまらない,無味乾燥な
『干ばつ』,日照り続き
乾燥 / 乾燥させる,乾燥用の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/28 05:26:00」(JST)

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Desiccation cracks in sludge

Centripetal desiccation cracks in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah. A dinosaur footprint is at center.

Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is a hygroscopic (attracts and holds water) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container.

Chemistry

A vacuum desiccator (left) and desiccator (right). Silica gel with cobalt chloride indicator placed in the lower shelf is used as the desiccant.

A desiccator is a heavy glass or plastic container used in practical chemistry for making or keeping small amounts of materials very dry. The material is placed on a shelf, and a drying agent or desiccant, such as dry silica gel or anhydrous sodium hydroxide, is placed below the shelf.

Often some sort of humidity indicator is included in the desiccator to show, by color changes, the level of humidity. These indicators are in the form of indicator plugs or indicator cards. The active chemical is cobalt chloride (CoCl₂). Anhydrous cobalt chloride is blue. When it bonds with two water molecules, (CoCl₂•2H₂O), it turns purple. Further hydration results in the pink hexaaquacobalt(II) chloride complex [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺.

Biology and ecology

Callistemon hybrid desiccated by heat and dryness (Sydney)

In biology and ecology, desiccation refers to the drying out of a living organism, such as when aquatic animals are taken out of water, slugs are exposed to salt, or when plants are exposed to sunlight or drought. Ecologists frequently study and assess various organisms' susceptibility to desiccation. For example, in the study performed by Erkut et al., ^[1] the investigators found that Caenorhabditis elegans dauer is a true anhydrobiote that can withstand extreme desiccation and that the basis of this ability is founded in the metabolism of trehalose.

DNA damage and repair

Several bacterial species have been shown to accumulate DNA damages upon desiccation. Deinococcus radiodurans is extremely resistant to ionizing radiation. The functions necessary to survive ionizing radiation are also necessary to survive prolonged desiccation.^[2] Radiation resistance is considered to be an incidental consequence of the organism’s evolutionary adaptation to dehydration, a common physiological stress in nature.^[2] The chromosomal DNA from desiccated D. radiodurans revealed increased DNA double-strand breaks.^[3] DNA double-strand breaks are repaired principally by a RecA-dependent recombination process that requires the presence of two genome copies.^[3] By this process D. radiodurans can survive thousands of double-strand breaks per cell.^[3]

Mycobacterium smegmatis mutant strains that are deficient in the ability to repair double-strand breaks by the non-homologous enjoining (NHEJ) pathway are more sensitive to prolonged desiccation during stationary phase than wild-type strains.^[4] NHEJ appears to be the preferred pathway for repairing double-strand breaks caused by desiccation during stationary phase. NHEJ can repair double-strand breaks even when only one chromosome is present in a cell.

Upon exposure to extreme dryness, Bacillus subtilis spores acquire DNA-double strand breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks.^[5]

Broadcasting

In broadcast engineering, a desiccator may be used to pressurize the feedline of a high-power transmitter. Because it carries a large amount of energy from the transmitter to the antenna, the feedline must have low dielectric losses. Because it must also be lightweight so as not to overload the radio tower, air is often used as the dielectric. Since moisture can condense in these lines, desiccated air or nitrogen gas is pumped in. This pressure also keeps water or other dampness from coming in the line at any point along its length.

References

^ Erkut, Cihan (9 August 2011). "Trehalose Renders the Dauer Larva of Caenorhabditis elegans Resistant to Extreme Desiccation". Current Biology 21 (15): 1331–1336. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.064. PMID 21782434. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
^ ^a ^b Mattimore V, Battista JR (1996). "Radioresistance of Deinococcus radiodurans: functions necessary to survive ionizing radiation are also necessary to survive prolonged desiccation". J. Bacteriol. 178 (3): 633–7. PMC 177705. PMID 8550493.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zahradka K, Slade D, Bailone A, Sommer S, Averbeck D, Petranovic M, Lindner AB, Radman M (2006). "Reassembly of shattered chromosomes in Deinococcus radiodurans". Nature 443 (7111): 569–73. doi:10.1038/nature05160. PMID 17006450.
^ Pitcher RS, Green AJ, Brzostek A, Korycka-Machala M, Dziadek J, Doherty AJ (2007). "NHEJ protects mycobacteria in stationary phase against the harmful effects of desiccation". DNA Repair (Amst.) 6 (9): 1271–6. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.02.009. PMID 17360246.
^ Dose K, Gill M (1995). "DNA stability and survival of Bacillus subtilis spores in extreme dryness". Orig Life Evol Biosph 25 (1-3): 277–93. PMID 7708386.

External links

A Desiccant Requirements Calculator

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Stomatal innovation and the rise of seed plants.

McAdam SA, Brodribb TJ.SourceSchool of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
Ecology letters.Ecol Lett.2012 Jan;15(1):1-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01700.x. Epub 2011 Oct 23.
Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 1-8 ABSTRACT: Stomatal valves on the leaves of vascular plants not only prevent desiccation but also dynamically regulate water loss to maintain efficient daytime water use. This latter process involves sophisticated active control of stomatal aperture that may be absent f
PMID 22017636

Surviving starvation: Changes accompanying starvation tolerance in a bdelloid rotifer.

Marotta R, Uggetti A, Ricci C, Leasi F, Melone G.SourceDipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy. roberto.marotta@iit.it.
Journal of morphology.J Morphol.2012 Jan;273(1):1-7. doi: 10.1002/jmor.11000. Epub 2011 Aug 25.
Bdelloid rotifers survive desiccation and starvation by halting activity and entering a kind of dormancy. To understand the mechanisms of survival in the absence of food source, we studied the anatomical and ultrastructural changes occurring in a bdelloid species, Macrotrachela quadricornifera Milne
PMID 22161998