WordNet

eliminate the odor from; "This stick will deodorize your armpits" (同)deodorise, deodourise
a toiletry applied to the skin in order to mask unpleasant odors (同)deodourant

PrepTutorEJDIC

脱臭剤,臭気止め
…‘の'臭気を取り除く

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/24 15:24:59」(JST)

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Air fresheners from Febreze

A basic gel fragrance air freshener.

Air fresheners are consumer products used in homes or commercial products used in restrooms that typically emit fragrance. There are two broad air freshener categories: continuous action and instant action. Continuous action products include: scented candles and devices which use a candle flame or some other heat source to heat and vaporize a fragrance formulation; Incense burners; wall plug-ins which either use piezoelectric technology to aerosolize fragrance or heat to vaporize it; fragrance impregnated gels which release fragrance as the gel evaporates sometimes with the help of an electric fan; wick and reed diffusers which release fragrance by evaporation from fragrance-soaked wicks or wooden reeds; and fragrance impregnated materials like floor wax, paper, plastics, wood which release fragrance by off gassing; and lastly nebulization systems which convert liquid fragrances into a vapor in a cold process without the use of heat.

Instant action systems are mainly aerosol sprays, or atomizers. The aerosol spray uses a propellant and fragrance packaged under pressure in a sealed metal or glass container with a valve which is opened by pressing down a button which contains a spray nozzle – the actuator. When the container's valve is opened by pressing the actuator, fragrance is forced through the spray nozzle located inside the actuator to create a mist of droplets containing fragrance. These droplets are 30 to 50 micrometres in diameter. The atomizer is a glass, metal or plastic container of fragrance which operates in a similar fashion except that the actuator is a pump which when pressed a few times creates the pressure to aspirate the fragrance from the container through a tube into the actuator and spray nozzle. The mist created contains droplets 50 to 150 micrometres in diameter. A recently developed type of aerosol packages a plastic bag of fragrance into a can. The bag is attached to the valve/actuator/spray nozzle and sealed in the can surrounded by air under pressure. When the actuator is pressed, the valve opens and the liquid forced through the nozzle by the pressure around the bag. This is called "bag-on-valve" technology.

Global retail sales of air care products were valued at more than $6 billion in 2006 and are forecast to reach $7.3 billion by 2010.^[1]

Air fresheners introduce fragrance into the air of interior spaces either as droplets which transition to vapor or as the molecules of fragrance ingredients evaporating from a source. Fragrance diffuses into the air to mask other odors or to introduce a specific odor.

The control of odors is addressed by various methods;

Adsorption: Adsorbents like zeolite, activated charcoal or silica gel may be used to remove odors.
Receptor Blockers: These are specially formulated compounds, usually delivered in cleaning products and waxes, which block the human scent receptors from detecting certain odors.
Oxidation: ozone, hydrogen peroxide, peroxide; chlorine, chlorate other oxidizing agent can be used to oxidize and remove organic sources of odors from surfaces and, in the case of ozone, from the air as well.
Air sanitizer: Odors caused by airborne bacterial activity can be removed by air sanitizer that inactivate bacteria.
Masking: Overwhelming an odor with another odor by any of the means described above.

History

Fragrances have been used to mask odors since antiquity. A variety of compounds have been used over the past two millennia for their abilities to create pleasant aromas or eliminate unpleasant odors.

The first modern air freshener was introduced in 1948. Its function was based on a military technology for dispensing insecticides and adapted into a pressurized spray using a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellant. The product delivered a fine mist of aroma compounds that would remain suspended in the air for an extended period of time. This type of product became the industry standard and air freshener sales experienced tremendous growth. In the 1950s, many companies began to add chemicals that counteract odors to their fragrance formulas. These chemicals, intended to neutralize or destroy odors, included unsaturated esters, pre-polymers, and long-chain aldehydes.

In the 1980s, the air freshener market shifted away from aerosols, due to concerns over the destruction of the ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Many other air freshener delivery methods have become popular since, including scented candles, reed diffusers, potpourri, and heat release products.

Ingredients

Basic ingredients in air fresheners typically include formaldehyde, aerosol propellant, petroleum distillates, and p-dichlorobenzene. Air freshener preparations often also include terpenes such as limonene. Aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols and other synthetic fragrances are also used. A report issued in 2005 by the Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs (BEUC) found that many air freshener products emit allergens and toxic air pollutants including benzene, formaldehyde, terpenes, styrene, phthalates, and toluene.^[2] Air fresheners may also contain phosphates, chlorine bleach, or ammonia.

Research at the University of California found that the prominent products of the reaction of terpenes found in air fresheners with ozone included formaldehyde, hydroxyl radical, and secondary organic aerosol.^[3]

Toxicity

Many air fresheners employ carcinogens, volatile organic compounds and known toxins such as phthalate esters in their formulas. A Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) study of 13 common household air fresheners found that most of the surveyed products contain chemicals that can aggravate asthma and affect reproductive development. The NRDC called for more rigorous supervision of the manufacturers and their products, which are widely assumed to be safe:

The study assessed scented sprays, gels, and plug-in air fresheners. Independent lab testing confirmed the presence of phthalates, or hormone-disrupting chemicals that may pose a particular health risk to babies and young children, in 12 of the 14 products—including those marked 'all natural.' None of the products had these chemicals listed on their labels.^[4]

On September 19, 2007, along with the Sierra Club, Alliance for Healthy Homes, and the National Center for Healthy Housing, the NRDC filed a petition with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Consumer Product Safety Commission to report the findings.^[5]

The University of Bristol's Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) published findings indicating that exposure to volatile organic compounds through frequent use of air fresheners and other aerosols in the home was found to correlate with increased earaches and diarrhea in infants, and with increased depression and headaches in their mothers.^[6]^[7]

In 2008, Anne Steinemann of the University of Washington published a study of top-selling air fresheners and laundry products.^[8]^[9] She found that all products tested gave off chemicals regulated as toxic or hazardous under federal laws, including carcinogens with no safe exposure level, but none of these chemicals were listed on any of the product labels or Material Safety Data Sheets. Chemicals included acetone, the active ingredient in paint thinner and nail-polish remover; chloromethane, a neurotoxicant and respiratory toxicant; and acetaldehyde and 1,4-dioxane, both carcinogens. A plug-in air freshener contained more than 20 different volatile organic compounds, with more than one-third classified as toxic or hazardous under federal laws. Even air fresheners called "organic," "green," or with "essential oils" emitted hazardous chemicals, including carcinogens.

In 2009, Stanley M. Caress of the University of West Georgia and Anne C. Steinemann of the University of Washington published results from two national epidemiological studies of health effects from exposure to air fresheners. They found that nearly 20 percent of the general population and 34 percent of asthmatics report headaches, breathing difficulties, or other health problems when exposed to air fresheners or deodorizers.^[10]

Maintaining air quality

Removing the source of an unpleasant odor will decrease the chance that people will smell it. Ventilation is also important to maintaining indoor air quality and can aid in eliminating unpleasant odors. Simple cleaners such as white vinegar and baking soda, as well as adsorbents like zeolite, are effective at removing odors. Some house plants may also aid in the removal of toxic substances from the air in building interiors.^[11]^[12]

References

^ Marketing Data: Air Care Market Overview, Global Cosmetic Industry
^ Air Fresheners; TSCA Section 21 Petition, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
^ Indoor Air Chemistry: Cleaning Agents, Ozone and Toxic Air Contaminants
^ Common Air Fresheners Contain Chemicals That May Affect Human Reproductive Development
^ Air Fresheners Unregulated, Potentially Dangerous, Group Says
^ "Symptoms of mothers and infants related to total volatile organic compounds in household products" Arch Environ Health. 2003 Oct;58(10):633-41; PMID 15562635;
^ Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Key Findings
^ Steinemann, A.C. "Fragranced consumer products and undisclosed ingredients." Environ Impact Assess Rev 2009;29(1): 32-38.
^ ""Fragranced Consumer Products: Chemicals Emitted, Ingredients Unlisted" at Journalist's Resource.org". http://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/health/scented-products-hazardous-chemicals//.
^ Caress, S.M., and Steinemann, A.C. "National prevalence of fragrance sensitivity." J Environ Health 2009;71(7):46-50.
^ B.C. Wolverton, Ph.D., Rebecca C. McDonald, "Foliage Plants for Removing Formaldehyde from Contaminated Air Inside Energy-Efficient Homes and Future Space Stations", NASA TM-84674 , December 1982.
^ B.C. Wolverton, Rebecca C. McDonald, E.A. Watkins, Jr., "Foliage Plants for Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-Efficient Homes" Economic Botany, 1984, pp. 224-228.

External links

Danger alert over air fresheners
Common Air Fresheners Contain Chemicals That May Affect Human Reproductive
California Scents Air Fresheners Development
My Shaldan Air Fresheners

UpToDate Contents

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1. 原発性局所多汗症 primary focal hyperhidrosis
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English Journal

A pilot study of the effect of (e, e)-2, 4-undecadienal on the offensive odour of trimethylamine.

Garg P, Carpenter K, Chong S, Christodoulou J.SourceGenetic Metabolic Disorders Service, Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
JIMD reports.JIMD Rep.2013;8:11-5. doi: 10.1007/8904_2012_149. Epub 2012 May 23.
Introduction: Trimethylaminuria is a malodour syndrome caused by a functional defect of flavin-containing monoxygenase 3 (FMO3), resulting in accumulation of trimethylamine in body secretions. Recently, (E, E)-2, 4-undecadienal has been shown to deodorize the offensive odour of cooked porcine intest
PMID 23430514

[Elimination of volatile compounds of leaf tobacco from air emissions using biofiltration].

Zagustina NA, Misharina TA, Vepritskiĭ AA, Zhukov VG, Ruzhitskiĭ AO, Terenina MB, Krikunova NI, Kulikova AK, Popov VO.AbstractThe composition of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of various leaf tobacco brands and their blends has been studied. The differences in the content of nicotine, solanone, tetramethyl hexadecenol, megastigmatrienones, and other compounds, determining the specific tobacco smell, have been revealed. A microbial consortium, which is able to deodorize simulated tobacco emissions and decompose nicotine, has been formed by long-term adaptation to the VOCs of tobacco leaves in a laboratory reactor, functioning as a trickle-bed biofilter. Such a biofilter eliminates 90% of the basic toxic compound (nicotine) and odor-active compounds; the filtration efficiency does not change for tobacco brands with different VOC concentrations or in the presence of foreign substances. The main strains, isolated from the formed consortium and participating in the nicotine decomposition process, belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Rhodococcus. An examination of the biofilter trickling fluid has shown full decomposition of nicotine and odor-active VOCs. The compounds, revealed in the trickling fluid, did not have any odor and were nontoxic. The obtained results make it possible to conduct scaling of the biofiltration process to eliminate odor from air emissions in the tobacco industry.
Prikladnaia biokhimiia i mikrobiologiia.Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol.2012 Jul-Aug;48(4):425-36.
The composition of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of various leaf tobacco brands and their blends has been studied. The differences in the content of nicotine, solanone, tetramethyl hexadecenol, megastigmatrienones, and other compounds, determining the specific tobacco smell, have been reveal
PMID 23035576

Deodorization and dewatering of biosolids by using dimethyl ether.

Kanda H, Morita M, Makino H, Takegami K, Yoshikoshi A, Oshita K, Takaoka M, Morisawa S, Takeda N.SourceEnergy Engineering Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Yokosuka, Japan. kanda@criepi.denken.or.jp
Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation.Water Environ Res.2011 Jan;83(1):23-5.
We proposed a method for the deodorising and dewatering of biosolids. In the proposed method, liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) was used as an extractant for odorous components and water. We developed a bench-scale experiment to almost completely deodorize and dewater biosolids by using liquefied DME a
PMID 21291024

Japanese Journal

養豚堆肥化施設における発生源別の臭気物質の挙動

小山太,松原英隆,今村弥生 [他],尾上武,近藤隆一郎
日本畜産學會報 = The Japanese journal of zootechnical science 82(4), 397-404, 2011-11-25
畜産経営のうち最も悪臭の苦情件数が多い養豚業の臭気発生状況を明らかにするために豚糞尿堆肥化施設における堆肥原料が含有する臭気物質を調査した．豚糞尿混合物からはトリメチルアミン，硫黄化合物，低級脂肪酸，フェノール類，インドール類が検出された．これを返送堆肥と混合することで各物質の濃度は大幅に減少した．通気式発酵槽に15日間充填し，発酵槽上部の臭気物質濃度を測定した結果，堆肥化開始時にはアンモニア，ト …
NAID 10030378558

A Problematization of Pigs and Pork: A History of Modernity to Invent and Deodorize Odor

HIGA Rima
Inter Faculty 2, 2011
In this article I will attempt to demonstrate how pig odor has been invented and deodorized through an analysis of the change in human-pig relations in Okinawa. I will also discuss the phases of accel …
NAID 120002907388

寝具の汚れおよび室内塵中のヒョウヒダニ誘引成分について

石田浩彦,長塚路子,長幡由起 [他],久保田浩美,吉川翠
日本家政学会誌 60(4), 363-370, 2009
… pteronyssinus was attracted not only by low volatility components but also by high volatility components, it would seem to be important to remove and deodorize high volatility components first in order to reduce mite numbers. …
NAID 130004774002