WordNet

the trait of thoughtfulness in action or decision; "he was a man of judicial deliberation" (同)deliberateness
careful consideration; "a little deliberation would have deterred them" (同)weighing, advisement
(usually plural) discussion of all sides of a question; "the deliberations of the jury"
carefully thought out in advance; "a calculated insult"; "with measured irony" (同)calculated, measured

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉熟慮,熟考 / 〈U〉〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》正式の協議,討議,審議 / 〈U〉(思考・行動などの)慎重さ
『よく考えた』,熟考した;故意の,計画的な / 『思慮ある』,慎重な / 落ち着いた,ゆうゆうとした / …'を'『よく考える』,熟考する;…'を'審議する / (…について)『よく考える』,熟考する;審議する《+『over』(『on,upon,about』)+『名』(do『ing』)》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/14 12:43:51」(JST)

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The city council of The Hague deliberating in 1636.

Deliberation is a process of thoughtfully weighing options, usually prior to voting. Deliberation emphasizes the use of logic and reason as opposed to power-struggle, creativity, or dialog. Group decisions are generally made after deliberation through a vote or consensus of those involved.

In legal settings a jury famously uses deliberation because it is given specific options, like guilty or not guilty, along with information and arguments to evaluate. In "deliberative democracy", the aim is for both elected officials and the general public to use deliberation rather than power-struggle as the basis for their vote.

Trial juries

A jury.

In countries with a jury system, the jury's deliberation in criminal matters can involve both rendering a verdict and determining the appropriate sentence. In civil cases, the jury decision is whether to agree with the plaintiff or the defendant and rendering a resolution binding actions by the parties based on the results of the trial.

Typically, a jury must come to a unanimous decision before delivering a verdict; however, there are exceptions. When a unanimous decision is not reached and the jury feels that one is not possible, they declare themselves a 'hung jury', a mistrial is declared and the trial will have to be redone at the discretion of the plaintiff or prosecutor.

One of the most famous dramatic examples of this phase of a trial in practice is the film, 12 Angry Men.

In political philosophy

Shimer College Assembly deliberation.

In political philosophy, there is a wide range of views regarding how deliberation becomes a possibility within particular governmental regimes. Most recently, the uptake of deliberation by political philosophy embraces it alternatively as a crucial component or the death-knell of democratic systems. Much of contemporary democratic theory juxtaposes an optimism about democracy against excessively hegemonic, fascist, or otherwise Statist regimes. Thus, the position of deliberation is highly contested and is defined variously by different camps within contemporary political philosophy. In its most general (and therefore, most ambiguous) sense, deliberation describes a process of interaction between various subjects/subjectivities dictated by a particular set of norms, rules, or fixed boundaries.

For many contemporary political philosophers, the rigidity of a particular set of norms, rules, or fixed boundaries about either the way that subjects who would qualify for deliberation are constituted (a position perhaps epitomized by John Rawls) or regarding the kinds of argument which qualify as deliberation (a position perhaps epitomized by Jürgen Habermas) constitute a foreclosure of deliberation, making it impossible.

"Existential deliberation" is a term coined by the theorists of the emotional public sphere. Existential deliberation theorists contend that deliberation is an ontological state, rather than a process that can be deployed. As such, deliberation is a rare thing that only might happen in face-to-face encounters. This utilizes the insights of radical deliberation, in that the political is a rare eruption of potential into an otherwise sterile social field.

"Pragmatic deliberation" is the epistemic variant on existential deliberation, frequently focusing on the ways in which groups could be assisted with producing positive outcomes that both aggregate and transform the views of effected publics.

Radical deliberation

Radical deliberation refers to a philosophical view of deliberation inspired by the events of the student revolution in May 1968. Political theory concerned with radical democracy, particularly that of such theorists as Michel Foucault, Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, Jacques Ranciere, and Alain Badiou also focus upon deliberation insofar as the process of engagement between disparate positions create the conditions of possibility for a politics. Notably for these thinkers, the task of radical democracy is always and already unfinalized, subject to a series of changes which occur outside of the conscious influence of any single actor and are instead the discursive effects of the contingent assemblies of larger bodies politic.

Michel Foucault's use of 'technologies of discourse' and 'mechanisms of power' describes how deliberation is either foreclosed or is a product of a series of technologies of discourse which produce a semblance of agency through the reproductions of power as they occur between individual subjects. The account of 'mechanisms' or 'technologies' is in some sense paradoxical: on the one hand, these technologies are inseparable from the subjects which enunciate them. On the other, to speak of the machine or technology which coordinates suggests an infrastructure through which the social is collectively organized, which suggests the removal of subjects from the means of their organization: a god's eye view of the social that is only coordinated by the movement of the parts.

Chantal Mouffe uses 'the democratic paradox' to generate a self-sustaining model of politics which is built on foundational contradictions - the non-resolution of which produces a productive agonism between subjects who recognize the other's right to speak. For Mouffe, the fact of the configuration of the social is the only foundational political stability - that and the certainty of a penultimate articulation's deferral. That is to say: re-articulations of the social will always occur. Again, process overwhelms content: the paradox of liberalism and popular sovereignty is the generative motor of radical democracy. The rhetorical gesture of the foundational paradox becomes a mechanism; an interface between the human and a language machine which produces the conditions of possibility for continued reconfiguration: a positive feedback loop for politics.

Although Chantal Mouffe and Jacques Ranciere differ in their stance on what the conditions of the political are (for Mouffe, this is an internal reorganization of existing social arrangements in what are called 'articulations), for Ranciere, it is the incursion of an externality which had not yet been accounted for. In the 'arithmatic/geometric' distinctions of politics, there is a(n) (near) explicit appeal to the mechanical or mathematical: the political sustains itself by perpetuating a dialectic between homeostasis and reconfiguration (what N. Katherine Hayles might call 'pattern' and 'randomness') through a 'count' of what is internal to the police order. The mechanism of politics makes it possible for future reconfigurations only by making new inclusions, thereby rearranging the social, returning to homeostasis, and perpetuating the impossibility of a complete 'whole'. It is again a kind of rhetorical paradox which is the motor of politics: a foundational arbitrariness in who is or who is not permitted to speak.

Deliberation theory

Deliberation theory is a non-political, non-legal subject within, and deals with the technical aspects of making decisions with varying amounts of information.^[1]

Other theorists

Hannah Arendt
Giorgio Agamben
Bruno Latour
Bonnie Honig
Lauren Berlant

Citations

^ . 2009. p. 140. ISBN 978-1420067187 Hall http://www.amazon.com/Machine-Learning-Algorithmic-Perspective-Recognition/dp/1420067184/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1403385347&sr=8-1&keywod Hall Check |url= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)

External links

The dictionary definition of deliberate at Wiktionary

UpToDate Contents

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Wilfond BS.Sourcea University of Washington School of Medicine.
The American journal of bioethics : AJOB.Am J Bioeth.2013 Dec;13(12):14-9. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2013.851582.
The Office of Human Research Protections was not justified in issuing findings against the SUPPORT Institutions. Our community can learn from the evolving healthcare transformation into learning health systems by thinking about the novel ethical issues about standard of care research raised by the S
PMID 24256524

Pragmatism, metaphysics, and bioethics: beyond a theory of moral deliberation.

Pamental M.Source*Department of Philosophy, University of Tennessee, 809A McClung Tower, Knoxville, TN 37996-0480, USA. pamental@utk.edu.
The Journal of medicine and philosophy.J Med Philos.2013 Dec;38(6):725-42. doi: 10.1093/jmp/jht030. Epub 2013 Jul 22.
Pragmatism has been understood by bioethicists as yet another rival in the "methods wars," as yet another theory of moral deliberation. This has led to criticism of pragmatic bioethics as both theoretically and practically inadequate. Pragmatists' responses to these objections have focused mainly on
PMID 23878348

Cognitive parallels between moral judgment and modal judgment.

Shtulman A, Tong L.SourceDepartment of Psychology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA, shtulman@oxy.edu.
Psychonomic bulletin & review.Psychon Bull Rev.2013 Dec;20(6):1327-35. doi: 10.3758/s13423-013-0429-9.
A central question in the study of moral psychology is how immediate intuition interacts with more thoughtful deliberation in the generation of moral judgments. The present study sheds additional light on this question by comparing adults' judgments of moral permissibility with their judgments of ph
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Zwarenstein M, Rice K, Gotlib-Conn L, Kenaszchuk C, Reeves S.AbstractBACKGROUND: Poor interprofessional communication in hospital is deemed to cause significant patient harm. Although recognition of this issue is growing, protocols are being implemented to solve this problem without empirical research on the interprofessional communication interactions that directly underpin patient care. We report here the first large qualitative study of directly-observed talk amongst professions in general internal medicine wards, describing the content and usual conversation partners, with the aim of understanding the mechanisms by which current patterns of interprofessional communications may impact on patient care.
BMC health services research.BMC Health Serv Res.2013 Nov 25;13(1):494. [Epub ahead of print]
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速水克,牛田進一郎,中村徹 [他],鈴木一史,亀岡信悟
東京女子医科大学雑誌 85(E1), E39-E42, 2015-03-31
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