deject

　

WordNet

1. a state of melancholy depression
2. in a dejected manner; "when she came back Sophie and Esther were sitting dejectedly in the kitchen" (同)in low spirits
3. affected or marked by low spirits; "is dejected but trying to look cheerful"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. …'を'落胆させる,がっかりさせる
2. 落胆,意気消沈
3. がっかりした

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/12 05:33:36」(JST)

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"Despair" redirects here. For other uses of despair, see Despair (disambiguation). For the mood disorder, see Major depressive disorder.

Melencolia I (ca. 1514), by Albrecht Dürer

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being. Depressed people can feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, worried, helpless, worthless, guilty, alone, irritable, hurt, or restless. They may lose interest in activities that were once pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or overeating, have problems concentrating, remembering details or making decisions, and may contemplate, attempt or commit suicide. Insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, aches, pains, digestive problems or reduced energy may also be present.

Depressed mood is not always a psychiatric disorder. It may be a normal reaction to certain life events, a symptom of some medical conditions or a side effect of some drugs or medical treatments. Depressed mood is also a primary or associated feature of certain psychiatric syndromes such as clinical depression.

Causes

Life events

Adversity in childhood, such as bereavement, neglect, unequal parental treatment of siblings, physical abuse or sexual abuse, significantly increases the likelihood of experiencing depression over the life course.

Life events and changes that may precipitate depressed mood include childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, job problems, a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, etc.), bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, and catastrophic injury.

Medical treatments

Certain medications are known to cause depressed mood in a significant number of patients. These include interferon therapy for hepatitis C.

Non-psychiatric illnesses

Main article: Depression (differential diagnoses)

Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, neurological conditions and physiological problems, including hypoandrogenism (in men), Addison's disease, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, stroke, diabetes, cancer, sleep apnea, and disturbed circadian rhythm. It is often one of the early symptoms of hypothyroidism (reduced activity of the thyroid gland).

Psychiatric syndromes

Main article: Depressive mood disorders

A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom. The mood disorders are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include major depressive disorder (MDD; commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and dysthymia, a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet the severity of a major depressive episode. Another mood disorder, bipolar disorder, features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood, cognition and energy levels, but may also involve one or more depressive episodes. When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as a seasonal affective disorder.

Outside the mood disorders: borderline personality disorder commonly features depressed mood; adjustment disorder with depressed mood is a mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode; and posttraumatic stress disorder, an anxiety disorder that sometimes follows trauma, is commonly accompanied by depressed mood.

Drug use

Depression is associated with abusive drug use.

Assessment

Questionnaires and checklists such as the Beck Depression Inventory or the Children's Depression Inventory can be used to detect and assess the severity of depression.

Treatment

Main article: Management of depression

Depressed mood may not require any professional treatment, and may be a normal reaction to certain life events, a symptom of some medical conditions, or a side effect of some drugs or medical treatments. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to a diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition, which may benefit from treatment. Different sub-divisions of depression have different treatment approaches.

Given an accurate diagnosis of major depressive disorder, in general the type of treatment (psychotherapy and/or antidepressants, alternative therapies, or active intervention) is "less important than getting depressed patients involved in an active therapeutic program."

Moderate levels of physical activity can treat depression by increasing the levels of endorphins and the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Exercise allows individuals to improve their health while building new relationships with others and bolstering the sense of community that comes with exercising as a group. Group activities can lower depression by increasing depressed individuals’ ability to interact with others. Exercise also increases individuals’ self-confidence by promoting social skills that people with depression often lack and interrupts the cycle of isolation from the general population that can further increase depression. Exercise fosters non-demanding behaviors while allowing people to socialize and identify themselves as part of the general population.

Lifestyle strategies that may improve depressed mood include wake therapy, light therapy, eating a healthy diet, meditation, exercise, and smoking cessation.

See also

• Sadness
• Melancholia
• Upset
• Feelings
• Feeling

References

English Journal

• [Development of diagnosis].

• Ogata S1, Ishii M.
• Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine.Nihon Rinsho.2008 Feb;66(2):301-6.
• Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis that affects most often in children. This is unknown etiology of KD. Therefore, KD is diagnosed by characteristic symptoms. The standard care of acute KD is high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) treatment and aspirin. IVIG has been observed to reduce
• PMID 18260329

Related Links

• Deject - definition of deject by The Free Dictionary

de·ject (dĭ-jĕkt′) tr.v. de·ject·ed, de·ject·ing, de·jects To lower the spirits of; dishearten. [Middle English dejecten, from Latin dēicere, dēiect-, to cast down: dē-, de-+ iacere, to throw; see yē-in Indo-European roots.] deject (dɪˈdʒɛkt) vb ...

• Deject | Define Deject at Dictionary.com - Dictionary.com ...

Deject definition, to depress the spirits of; dispirit; dishearten: Such news dejects me. See more. Dictionary.com Word of the Day Translate Games Blog Thesaurus.com Apps Favorites Log Out Log In Log Out Word of the Day ...

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