WordNet

congenital deafness that results in inability to speak (同)deaf-muteness
lacking or deprived of the sense of hearing wholly or in part
people who have severe hearing impairments; "many of the deaf use sign language"
(usually followed by `to' (同)indifferent
the condition of being unable or unwilling to speak; "her muteness was a consequence of her deafness" (同)muteness

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『耳が遠い』,耳が不自由な / 《the deaf;名詞的に》耳が不自合な人々 / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…を)『聞こうとしない』(…に)むとんじゃくである《+『to』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/06 14:45:19」(JST)

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For "deafness", see hearing impairment. For "Deaf" as a cultural term, see Deaf culture. For "inability to speak", see muteness.

Deaf-mute is a term which was used historically to identify a person who was either deaf using a sign language or both deaf and could not speak. The term continues to be used to refer to deaf people, mainly within a historical context, to indicate deaf people who cannot speak an oral language, or have some degree of speaking ability, but choose not to speak because of the negative or unwanted attention atypical voices sometimes attract. Such people communicate using sign language.^[1] Some consider it to be a derogatory term if used outside its historical context; the preferred term today is simply "deaf".^[2]

Additionally, it is sometimes used to refer to other hearing people in jest, to chide, or to invoke an image of someone who refuses to employ common sense or who is unreliable. "Deaf and dumb,"^[3] "semi-deaf" and "semi-mute" are other historic references to deaf people. Of these latter examples, only "deaf and dumb" prevails as a reference.

In the past deaf-mute was regarded as a socially acceptable term, usually to describe deaf people who use sign language, but in modern times, the term is frequently viewed as derogatory, insensitive, insulting, inaccurate or socially and politically incorrect.^[4] From antiquity (as noted in the Code of Hammurabi) until recent times, the terms "deaf-mute" and "deaf and dumb" were even considered analogous to "stupid" by some hearing people.^[5]

In Europe and Western society, most deaf people are taught to speak with varying outcomes of ability or degrees of fluency. The simple identity of "deaf" has been embraced by the community of signing deaf people since the foundations of public deaf education in the 18th century and remains the preferred term of reference or identity for many years. Within the deaf community there are some who prefer the term "Deaf" to "deaf" as a description of their status and identity.^[6]

Classification as a deaf-mute has a particular importance in Jewish law; Because historically it was impossible to teach or communicate with them, deaf-mutes were not moral agents, and therefore were unable to own real estate, act as witnesses, or be punished for any crime. However today when techniques for educating deaf people are known, they are no longer classed as such. The law was never about deafness per se, but rather about the inability to educate such a person.[1][2]

Deaf-muteness in art and literature[edit]

Stephen King's novel, The Stand, features a main character named Nick Andros who is referred to as "deaf-mute." Though deaf people almost always have a voice, King interpreted the term literally and made Nick unable to vocalize. However, he could read lips and make himself clearly understood by pantomiming and in writing.

The phrase is used in The Catcher in the Rye to indicate someone who does not speak his mind, and hears nothing, in effect becoming isolated from the world.

Chief Bromden, in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, is believed by all to be deaf and mute, but in fact he can hear and speak; he does not let anyone know this because, as he grew up, he was not spoken to (making him "deaf") and ignored (making him "mute").

The character Singer in the novel The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, written in 1940, is referred to as "deaf-mute" multiple times.

In the classic Zorro stories, television series, etc. Zorro's aid Bernardo, a mute, pretends that he can also not hear, in order to get information to aid his master in his fight for justice.

In the early 87th Precinct novels written by Ed McBain, Teddy Carella, the wife of Detective Steve Carella, was referred to as a "deaf-mute," but in later books, McBain stopped using the term. In the foreword to a reprinted edition of "The Con Man", originally published in 1957, McBain says "A reader pointed out to me two or three years ago that this expression was now considered derogatory. Out the window it went, and Teddy is now speech-and-hearing impaired."

References[edit]

^ Mindess, Anna (2006). Reading Between the Signs: Intercultural Communication for Sign Language Interpreters. ISBN 978-1-931930-26-0
^ Moore, Matthew S. & Levitan, Linda (2003). For Hearing People Only, Answers to Some of the Most Commonly Asked Questions About the Deaf Community, its Culture, and the "Deaf Reality", Rochester, New York: Deaf Life Press, ISBN 0-9634016-3-7
^ Barquist, Barbara; Barquist, David (1987). "The Early Years". In Haley, Leroy. The Summit of Oconomowoc: 150 Years of Summit Town. Summit History Group. p. 47.
^ What is Wrong with the Use of these Terms: "Deaf-mute", "Deaf and dumb", or "Hearing-impaired"?
^ Nancy Creighton. What is Wrong With the Use of The Terms: 'Deaf-mute', 'Deaf and dumb', or 'Hearingimpaired'?. National Association of the Deaf
^ Ladd, P. (2003). Understanding Deaf Culture. In Search of Deafhood. Toronto: Multilingual Matters.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 失語症患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with aphasia
2. 突発性難聴 sudden sensorineural hearing loss
3. 成人における難聴の病因 etiology of hearing loss in adults
4. 成人における難聴の評価 evaluation of hearing loss in adults
5. 新生児における難聴スクリーニング screening the newborn for hearing loss

English Journal

Microstructural differences in the thalamus and thalamic radiations in the congenitally deaf.

Lyness RC1, Alvarez I2, Sereno MI3, MacSweeney M4.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2014 Oct;100:347-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.077. Epub 2014 Jun 5.
There is evidence of both crossmodal and intermodal plasticity in the deaf brain. Here, we investigated whether sub-cortical plasticity, specifically of the thalamus, contributed to this reorganisation. We contrasted diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging data from 13 congenitally deaf and 13
PMID 24907483

The bridge of iconicity: from a world of experience to the experience of language.

Perniss P1, Vigliocco G2.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2014 Sep 19;369(1651). pii: 20130300.
Iconicity, a resemblance between properties of linguistic form (both in spoken and signed languages) and meaning, has traditionally been considered to be a marginal, irrelevant phenomenon for our understanding of language processing, development and evolution. Rather, the arbitrary and symbolic natu
PMID 25092668

Language as a multimodal phenomenon: implications for language learning, processing and evolution.

Vigliocco G1, Perniss P2, Vinson D3.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2014 Sep 19;369(1651). pii: 20130292. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0292.
Our understanding of the cognitive and neural underpinnings of language has traditionally been firmly based on spoken Indo-European languages and on language studied as speech or text. However, in face-to-face communication, language is multimodal: speech signals are invariably accompanied by visual
PMID 25092660

Japanese Journal

上下顎移動術とその周術期管理に苦慮した多数歯欠損を有する高度難聴患者の1例

比嘉努,平塚博義,天願俊泉,神農悦輝,砂川元
日本口腔外科学会雑誌 48(1), 35-38, 2002-01-20
… We report on problems encountered during perioperative management in a 46-year-old woman with deaf-mutism and loss of multiple teeth who underwent orthognathic surgical correction of a jaw deformity. …
NAID 10009469124

難聴と遺伝カウンセリング

伊藤壽一
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 95(1), 1-5, 2002-01-01
Since the development of clinical genetic medicine, we have needed the knowledge and ability to provide genetic counseling in the Department of Otolaryngology.Genetic counseling for congenital hearing …
NAID 10008098567

両側上顎洞に進展した巨大な口蓋原発のPolymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma の1例

石本晋一,田中正,丹生健一,石橋敏夫,市村恵一,山田敦
日本耳鼻咽喉科學會會報 98(7), 1092-1096, 1995-07-20
唾液腺腫瘍の病理組織は良性腫瘍から悪性腫瘍まで, 多種多彩であるが, 悪性腫瘍の中にはlow grade malignant tumorといわれる悪性度の低いものから未分化癌などの悪性度の高い腫瘍までさまざまなものがある. 今回, 我々は右口蓋より発生し, 両側上顎洞に進展したと考えられる巨大な唾液腺腫瘍を経験し, 右顔面皮膚切除を伴う両側上顎全摘出術, 及び肋骨付き広背筋皮弁と前鋸筋皮弁による再 …
NAID 10006824773

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Deaf Mutism; A Clinical and Pathological Medical Aspects of Deaf-Mutism - ear Deaf Mutism : A Clinical and Pathological Deaf-Mutism) (1997) / AvaxHome Deaf and Mutism, Statistical US Lithograph