娘

WordNet

a female human offspring; "her daughter cared for her in her old age" (同)girl
a daughter of your spouse by a former marriage
a female grandchild

PrepTutorEJDIC

『娘』 / 女の子孫 / (娘のように)生み出されたもの
まま娘
孫娘
女のひ孫,ひ孫娘

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/11 01:35:52」(JST)

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Look up daughter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A 1931 photograph of four generations of mothers and daughters

A daughter is a female offspring; a girl, woman, or female animal in relation to her parents. Daughterhood is the state of being a daughter. The male counterpart is a son. Analogously the name is used in several areas to show relations between groups or elements.

In patriarchal societies, daughters often have different or lesser familial rights than sons. A family may prefer to have sons rather than daughters, with the daughters subjected to female infanticide.^[1] In some societies it is the custom for a daughter to be 'sold' to her husband, who must pay a bride price. The reverse of this custom, where the parents pay the husband a sum of money to compensate for the financial burden of the woman, is found in societies where women do not labour outside the home, and is referred to as dowry.

In the United States, the birth rate is 105 sons to 100 daughters which has been the natural birth rate since the 18th century. About 80 percent of prospective adoptive parents from the US will choose a girl over a boy.

Table of consanguinity, showing legal degrees of relationship

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to daughters.

^ Stein, Dorothy: Burning widows, burning brides: The perils of daughterhood in India. Pacific Affairs, Vol 61, No. 3, p. 465. University of British Columbia.

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English Journal

Low temperatures and fermentative metabolism limit peptidoglycan digestion of Bacillus cereus. Impact on colony forming unit counts.

de Sarrau B, Clavel T, Bornard I, Nguyen-the C.SourceINRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France. benoit.desarrau@avignon.inra.fr
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2013 Apr;33(2):213-20. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.09.019. Epub 2012 Oct 5.
The impact of fermentative metabolism at low temperature on cell division of Bacillus cereus was studied. Fermentation at 37 °C had no influence on the division of bacteria. Aerobic cultures at 15 °C produced larger cells than at 37 °C, but cell division was normal. In fermentative cultures at 15
PMID 23200654

Review: Endocrine disrupting chemicals and immune responses: A focus on bisphenol-A and its potential mechanisms.

Rogers JA, Metz L, Yong VW.SourceHotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Canada.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2013 Apr;53(4):421-30. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.09.013. Epub 2012 Oct 31.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have become of concern for a variety f health issues. Due to their effects on the endocrine system they have been thoroughly examined with regards to sexual dysfunction, malformation, and cancers of reproductive origin. Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a widely studied EDC
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Viability screen on pediatric low grade glioma cell lines unveils a novel anti-cancer drug of the steroid biosynthesis inhibitor family.

Ajeawung NF, Maltais R, Jones C, Poirier D, Kamnasaran D.SourcePediatrics Research Unit, CHUQ (CHUL) - Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2.
Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2013 Mar 1;330(1):96-105. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.034. Epub 2012 Nov 29.
Pediatric low grade gliomas are the most common central nervous system tumors and are still incurable among a subset of patients despite current treatment modalities. Steroid biosynthesis occurs in a wide variety of organs including the brain, to mediate an assortment of functions, including a propo
PMID 23201138