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Cyclosporiasis is an infection with the protozoan Cyclospora cayetanensis, a pathogen transmitted by feces or feces-contaminated fresh produce and water.^[1] Outbreaks have been reported due to contaminated fruits and vegetables. It is not spread from person to person, but can be a hazard for travelers by being a cause of diarrhea.

Mode of infection

When an oocyst of Cyclospora cayetanensis enters the small intestine it invades the mucosa where it incubates for about one week. After incubation the person begins to experience severe watery diarrhea, bloating, fever, stomach cramps, and muscle aches.

Oocysts can be present due to using contaminated water or human feces as fertilizer. This infection primarily affects humans and primates.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis can be difficult due to the lack of recognizable oocysts in the feces. Using tests like PCR-based DNA tests and acid-fast staining can help with identification. The infection is often treated with Trimethaprine-Sulfamethaxozol [Bactrim, Co-trimoxazole], because traditional anti-protozoan drugs are not sufficient. To prevent transmission through food, cook food and try to avoid drinking stream water while outdoors.

Vaccine research

There is no vaccine to control Cyclospora infection in humans at the present time, but one is available for reduction of fetal losses in sheep.

Epidemiology

Though initially thought that Cyclospora was confined to tropical and subtropical regions, occurrences of Cyclosporiasis are becoming more frequent in North America. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a U.S. government public health agency, there were 11 documented cases of Cyclospora infection outbreaks in the U.S. and Canada since the 1990s. Also, CDC recorded 1,110 laboratory-confirmed sporadic instances of Cyclosporiasis.^[2] As of August 2, 2013, an outbreak of the disease in the U.S. has sickened 425 people across 16 states.^[3]^[4] The source has been identified as a bagged salad mixture.^[5]

On July 30, 2015 (11am EDT), the CDC had been notified of 358 ill persons with confirmed Cyclospora infection from 26 states in 2015.^[6]

References

^ Talaro, Kathleen P., and Arthur Talaro. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles. Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
^ "Surveillance for Laboratory-Confirmed Sporadic Cases of Cyclosporiasis --- United States, 1997--2008". cdc.gov.
^ "Case Count Maps - Outbreak Investigations 2013 - Cyclosporiasis - CDC". cdc.gov.
^ "CDC: 425 cases of cyclospora infection identified across 16 states". cbsnews.com. 5 August 2013.
^ http://www.idph.state.ia.us/IDPHChannelsService/file.ashx?file=2721EA4A-DB6B-4746-9FF4-0BF09C9BF3BE Iowa Cyclospora Outbreak 2013 /Outbreak Update 7.31.13, Iowa State Department of Public Health. Downloaded 6 Aug 2013.
^ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/2015/index.html

External links

Cyclosporiasis at Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
Cyclospora Infection at MayoClinic.com

UpToDate Contents

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1. シクロスポラ感染症 cyclospora infection
2. 微生物による食中毒疾患の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of microbial foodborne disease
3. ラテンアメリカおよびカリブ海諸国への旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to latin america and the caribbean
4. 熱帯性スプルー tropical sprue
5. 旅行者下痢症：微生物学、疫学、および予防 travelers diarrhea microbiology epidemiology and prevention

English Journal

Application of a qPCR assay with melting curve analysis for detection and differentiation of protozoan oocysts in human fecal samples from Dominican Republic.

Lalonde LF, Reyes J, Gajadhar AA.Author information Centre for Food-Borne and Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic.AbstractA quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay with melt curve analysis (qPCR-MCA) was applied for the detection of protozoan oocysts in 501 human fecal samples collected in Dominican Republic. Samples were subjected to qPCR using universal coccidia primers targeting 18S rDNA to detect oocysts followed by MCA to identify oocyst species based on amplicon melting temperature. Putative positive samples were also tested by conventional PCR and microscopy. Cystoisospora belli (×3), Cryptosporidium parvum (×3), Cryptosporidium hominis (×5), Cryptosporidium meleagridis (×1), Cryptosporidium canis (×1), and Cyclospora cayetanensis (×9) were detected by qPCR-MCA and confirmed by sequencing. This assay consistently detected 10 copies of the cloned target fragment and can be considered more efficient and sensitive than microscopy flotation methods for detecting multiple species of oocysts in human feces. The qPCR-MCA is a reliable protozoan oocyst screening assay for use on clinical and environmental samples in public health, food safety and veterinary programs.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.Am J Trop Med Hyg.2013 Nov;89(5):892-8. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0106. Epub 2013 Sep 9.
A quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay with melt curve analysis (qPCR-MCA) was applied for the detection of protozoan oocysts in 501 human fecal samples collected in Dominican Republic. Samples were subjected to qPCR using universal coccidia primers targeting 18S rDNA to detect oocysts follo
PMID 24019437

outbreaks of cyclosporiasis--United States, June-August 2013.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).AbstractDuring June-August 2013, CDC, state and local public health officials, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigated an unusually large number of reports of cyclosporiasis (compared with annual reports to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System [e.g., 123 cases in 2012]), an intestinal infection caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. By September 20, CDC had been notified of 643 cases from 25 states, primarily Texas (278 cases), Iowa (153), and Nebraska (86). Investigations in Iowa and Nebraska showed that restaurant-associated cases in these two states were linked to a salad mix that contained iceberg lettuce, romaine lettuce, red cabbage, and carrots. Most patients in Iowa and Nebraska became ill during June 15-29; cases reported during July and August were primarily from Texas.
MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2013 Nov 1;62(43):862.
During June-August 2013, CDC, state and local public health officials, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigated an unusually large number of reports of cyclosporiasis (compared with annual reports to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System [e.g., 123 cases in 2012]), an in
PMID 24172881

Cystoisospora and cyclospora.

Legua P, Seas C.Author information Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.AbstractPURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review focuses on recent epidemiological and diagnostic advances in cystoisosporiasis and cyclosporiasis.
Current opinion in infectious diseases.Curr Opin Infect Dis.2013 Oct;26(5):479-83. doi: 10.1097/01.qco.0000433320.90241.60.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review focuses on recent epidemiological and diagnostic advances in cystoisosporiasis and cyclosporiasis.RECENT FINDINGS: Continuous outbreaks of these parasites occur worldwide. Sporadic cases in the United States are travel acquired, but also domestically acquired. N
PMID 23982239

Japanese Journal

最近注目されている輸入感染症

感染症学雑誌 : 日本伝染病学会機関誌 : the journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 85(2), 139-143, 2011-03-20
NAID 10029687624

輸入サイクロスポーラ症の1例

日本消化器病學會雜誌 = The Japanese journal of gastro-enterology 107(8), 1290-1295, 2010-08-05
NAID 10026624357

Cryptosporidiosis and cyclosporiasis:The clinical features and occurrence in Japan:Tropecal medicine and emergingre-energing infectious diseases

Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31(1), 20-21, 2003
NAID 130004912000

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「シクロスポラ症」「サイクロスポラ症」

「シクロスポラ症」

Cyclosporiasis
	Cyclospora cayetanensis
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Infectious disease
ICD-10	A07.8
ICD-9-CM	007.5
DiseasesDB	32228
eMedicine	ped/527
Patient UK	Cyclosporiasis
MeSH	D021866

　　[★]

英: cyclosporiasis
関: サイクロス・ラ症

「サイクロスポラ症」

　　[★]

英: cyclosporiasis
関: シクロス・ラ症

[1] Talaro, Kathleen P., and Arthur Talaro. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles. Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

[2] "Surveillance for Laboratory-Confirmed Sporadic Cases of Cyclosporiasis --- United States, 1997--2008". cdc.gov.

[3] "Case Count Maps - Outbreak Investigations 2013 - Cyclosporiasis - CDC". cdc.gov.

[4] "CDC: 425 cases of cyclospora infection identified across 16 states". cbsnews.com. 5 August 2013.

[5] ttp://www.idph.state.ia.us/IDPHChannelsService/file.ashx?file=2721EA4A-DB6B-4746-9FF4-0BF09C9BF3BE Iowa Cyclospora Outbreak 2013 /Outbreak Update 7.31.13, Iowa State Department of Public Health. Downloaded 6 Aug 2013.

[6] ttp://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/2015/index.html

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cyclosporiasis