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a designated limit beyond which something cannot function or must be terminated
a device that terminates the flow in a pipe

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切断,停止,中止 / 切断する器具

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/06 19:57:55」(JST)

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1. 遺伝性ヘモクロマトーシスのスクリーニング screening for hereditary hemochromatosis
2. 抗真菌剤感受性試験 antifungal susceptibility testing
3. 供血者スクリーニング：血液のレシピエントとドナーの安全性を高めるための手順とプロセス blood donor screening procedures and processes to enhance safety for the blood recipient and the blood donor
4. 消化器における神経内分泌腫瘍の発生の病理、分類、および重症度分類 pathology classification and grading of neuroendocrine tumors arising in the digestive system
5. 肝線維症の非侵襲的評価：超音波エラストグラフィ noninvasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis ultrasound based elastography

English Journal

Birth outcome measures and maternal exposure to heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) in Saudi Arabian population.

Al-Saleh I1, Shinwari N2, Mashhour A2, Rabah A3.Author information 1Environmental Health Section, Biological & Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: iman@kfshrc.edu.sa.2Environmental Health Section, Biological & Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.3Department of Pediatrics, King Khalid Hospital-Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.AbstractThis cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between exposure to heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) during pregnancy and birth outcomes in 1578 women aged 16-50 years who delivered in Al-Kharj hospital, Saudi Arabia, in 2005 and 2006. The levels of lead, cadmium and mercury were measured in umbilical cord blood, maternal blood and the placenta. Outcome variables were anthropometric measures taken at birth, along with the risk of being small-for-gestational age (SGA). We selected the 10th percentile as the cutoff for dichotomizing measures of birth outcome. Cadmium, despite its partial passage through the placenta had the most prominent effect on several measures of birth outcome. After adjustment for potential confounders, logistic regression models revealed that crown-heel length (p=0.034), the Apgar 5-minute score (p=0.004), birth weight (p=0.015) and SGA (p=0.049) were influenced by cadmium in the umbilical cord blood. Significant decreases in crown-heel length (p=0.007) and placental thickness (p=0.022) were seen with higher levels of cadmium in maternal blood. As placental cadmium increased, cord length increased (p=0.012) and placental thickness decreased (p=0.032). Only lead levels in maternal blood influenced placental thickness (p=0.011). Mercury in both umbilical cord and maternal blood was marginally associated with placental thickness and placental weight, respectively. Conversely, placental mercury levels significantly influenced head circumference (p=0.017), the Apgar 5-minute score (p=0.01) and cord length (p=0.026). The predictions of these models were further assessed with the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating curves (ROCs), which were modest (larger than 0.5 and smaller than 0.7). The independence of gestational age or preterm births on the observed effect of metals on some measures of birth outcome, suggested detrimental effects of exposure on fetal development. The magnitude of the estimated effects might not necessarily be of clinical significance for infants but may have a considerable public-health relevance given the high prevalence of exposure to heavy metals. Further research should be conducted to confirm these findings and to evaluate their long-term risks, if any.
International journal of hygiene and environmental health.Int J Hyg Environ Health.2014 Mar;217(2-3):205-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.04.009. Epub 2013 May 9.
This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between exposure to heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) during pregnancy and birth outcomes in 1578 women aged 16-50 years who delivered in Al-Kharj hospital, Saudi Arabia, in 2005 and 2006. The levels of lead, cadmium and mercu
PMID 23735463

Practical steps for applying a new dynamic model to near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of hemodynamic oscillations and transient changes: implications for cerebrovascular and functional brain studies.

Kainerstorfer JM1, Sassaroli A2, Hallacoglu B3, Pierro ML2, Fantini S2.Author information 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155. Electronic address: jana.kainerstorfer@tufts.edu.2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155.3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155; Cephalogics, LLC, Boston, MA.AbstractRATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Perturbations in cerebral blood volume (CBV), blood flow (CBF), and metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) lead to associated changes in tissue concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin (ΔO and ΔD), which can be measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). A novel hemodynamic model has been introduced to relate physiological perturbations and measured quantities. We seek to use this model to determine functional traces of cbv(t) and cbf(t) - cmro2(t) from time-varying NIRS data, and cerebrovascular physiological parameters from oscillatory NIRS data (lowercase letters denote the relative changes in CBV, CBF, and CMRO2 with respect to baseline). Such a practical implementation of a quantitative hemodynamic model is an important step toward the clinical translation of NIRS.
Academic radiology.Acad Radiol.2014 Feb;21(2):185-96. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.10.012.
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Perturbations in cerebral blood volume (CBV), blood flow (CBF), and metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) lead to associated changes in tissue concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin (ΔO and ΔD), which can be measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). A novel hemodynam
PMID 24439332

Predictive validity of 4 risk assessment scales for prediction of pressure ulcer development in a hospital setting.

Källman U, Lindgren M.Author information Ulrika Källman, RN, is a PhD student, Department of Medicine and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, and Registered Nurse, Department of Dermatology, Södra Älsvorgs Hospital, Borås Sweden. Margareta Lindgren, PhD, RN, is Associate Professor, Department of Medicine and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University.AbstractOBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to examine and compare the predictive validity of 4 risk assessment scales used for the prediction of pressure ulcer (PrU) development and to identify risk factors.
Advances in skin & wound care.Adv Skin Wound Care.2014 Feb;27(2):70-6. doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000439059.72199.41.
OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to examine and compare the predictive validity of 4 risk assessment scales used for the prediction of pressure ulcer (PrU) development and to identify risk factors.DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study.SETTING: A general hospital in Sweden.PARTICIPANTS: Pa
PMID 24440864

Critical appraisal of the diagnosis of the sessile serrated adenoma.

Bettington M, Walker N, Rosty C, Brown I, Clouston A, Wockner L, Whitehall V, Leggett B.Author information *The Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory §Cancer and Population Studies Group ¶The Statistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute †School of Medicine, The University of Queensland ‡Envoi Specialist Pathologists Departments of ∥Anatomical Pathology #Chemical Pathology, Central Laboratory, Pathology Queensland **The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.AbstractThe sessile serrated adenoma (SSA) is a relatively recently described polyp that can present diagnostic difficulties for the practicing pathologist. The frequency of SSA diagnoses varies dramatically in the reported literature. In addition, the histologic interface between the microvesicular hyperplastic polyp (MVHP) and the SSA continues to be a diagnostic problem. The trend in recent years has been toward a lower threshold for SSA diagnosis. Herein, we have performed a cross-sectional study of 6340 colorectal polyps received at a high-volume community-based pathology practice over a 3-month period. After central review, with strict application of the diagnostic criteria outlined in the 2010 edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Digestive Tract, we found that SSAs represented 12.1% of all polyps. In addition, we developed novel diagnostic subcategories in an attempt to determine the most appropriate cutoff for the interface between the MVHP and the SSA. We found that serrated polyps (MVHPs or SSAs) with any SSA-like crypts had clinical features more in common with the SSA than the MVHP and that this diagnostic cutoff showed good reproducibility between pathologists. This supports the position of a recent consensus publication proposing that polyps with as few as 1 SSA-type crypt should be diagnosed as an SSA. Applying these criteria to our cohort yields an overall SSA rate of 14.7%. In summary, we believe that SSAs continue to be underdiagnosed in pathologic practice and that this may result in inadequate surveillance and thus contribute to interval colorectal carcinomas.
The American journal of surgical pathology.Am J Surg Pathol.2014 Feb;38(2):158-66. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000103.
The sessile serrated adenoma (SSA) is a relatively recently described polyp that can present diagnostic difficulties for the practicing pathologist. The frequency of SSA diagnoses varies dramatically in the reported literature. In addition, the histologic interface between the microvesicular hyperpl
PMID 24418851