cutlery

　 　

WordNet

1. tableware implements for cutting and eating food (同)eating utensil
2. a dealer in cutlery

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 金物類;食卓用金物(ナイフ・フォーク・スプーンなど)
2. 刃物師,刃物屋

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/12 17:43:55」(JST)

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Silver forks and a spoon

Cutlery refers to any hand implement used in preparing, serving, and especially eating food in the Western world. It is more usually known as silverware or flatware in the United States, where cutlery usually means knives and related cutting instruments. This is probably the original meaning of the word. Since silverware suggests the presence of silver, the term tableware has come into use.

The major items of cutlery in the Western world are the knife, fork and spoon. In recent times, hybrid versions of cutlery have been made combining the functionality of different eating implements, including the spork (spoon / fork), spife (spoon / knife), and knork (knife / fork) or the sporf which is all three.

Etymology

The word cutler derives from the Middle English word 'cuteler' and this in turn derives from Old French 'coutelier' which comes from 'coutel'; meaning knife (modern French: couteau).

Composition

Modern starch-polyester disposable cutlery

Traditionally, good quality cutlery was made from silver (hence the U.S. name), though steel was always used for more utilitarian knives, and pewter was used for some cheaper items, especially spoons. From the nineteenth century, electroplated nickel silver (EPNS) was used as a cheaper substitute; nowadays, most cutlery, including quality designs, is made from stainless steel. Another alternative is melchior, a nickel and copper alloy, which can also sometimes contain manganese. It also contains elements of magnesium and copper sulphate.

Plastic cutlery is made for disposable use, and is frequently used outdoors (camping, excursions, and BBQs for instance), at fast-food or take-away outlets, or provided with airline meals.

History

French travelling set of cutlery, 1550-1600, Victoria and Albert Museum

The first documented use of the term "cutler" in Sheffield appeared in a 1297 tax return. A Sheffield knife was listed in the King's possession in the Tower of London fifty years later. Several knives dating from the 14th century are on display at the Cutlers' Hall in Sheffield.

Cutlery has been made in many places. In Britain the industry became concentrated by the late 16th century in and around Birmingham and Sheffield. However, the Birmingham industry increasingly concentrated on swords, made by "long cutlers", and on other edged tools, whereas the Sheffield industry concentrated on knives.

At Sheffield the trade of cutler became divided, with allied trades such as razormaker, awlbladesmith, shearsmith and forkmaker emerging and becoming distinct trades by the 18th century.

Before the mid 19th century when cheap mild steel became available due to new methods of steelmaking, knives (and other edged tools) were made by welding a strip of steel on to the piece of iron that was to be formed into a knife, or sandwiching a strip of steel between two pieces of iron. This was done because steel was then a much more expensive commodity than iron. Modern blades are sometimes laminated, but for a different reason. Since the hardest steel is brittle, a layer of hard steel may be laid between two layers of a milder, less brittle steel, for a blade that keeps a sharp edge well, and is less likely to break in service.

After fabrication, the knife had to be sharpened, originally on a grindstone, but from the late medieval period in a blade mill or (as they were known in the Sheffield region) a cutlers wheel.

Manufacturing centres

Traditional centres of cutlery-making include:

• Sheffield in the United Kingdom
• Solingen in Germany
• Thiers and Laguiole in France
• Albacete in Spain
• Wazirabad in Pakistan

See also

• Tableware
• List of eating utensils
• List of food preparation utensils
• Silver (household)
• Table setting

References

For Sheffield:

• Hey, D. The Fiery Blades of Hallamshire: Sheffield and Its Neighbourhood, 1660–1740 (Leicester University Press 1991). 193–140.
• Lloyd, G. I. H. The Cutlery Trades: An Historical Essay in the Economics of Small Scale Production. (1913; repr. 1968).

External links

• American Bladesmith Society
• Flatware Patterns at antiquesilverspoons.co.uk
• Associazione culturale Coltellinai Forgiatori Bergamaschi - Research laboratory on damascus steel

English Journal

• The cutlery effect: do designed products for people with disabilities stigmatise them?

• Renda G1, Jackson S1, Kuys B1, Whitfield TW1.
• Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology.Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol.2016 Nov;11(8):661-7. doi: 10.3109/17483107.2015.1042077. Epub 2015 May 4.
• The purpose of this study was to investigate of how assistive cutlery design effects perception of the user. Studies regarding the usage and development of assistive cutlery have primarily focused on the ergonomics, whereas research into the aesthetics of assistive cutlery has been minimal. A method
• PMID 25936430

• Analysis and implications of the miscarriages of justice of Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito.

• Gill P1.
• Forensic science international. Genetics.Forensic Sci Int Genet.2016 Jul;23:9-18. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.02.015. Epub 2016 Mar 3.
• The case of the 'murder of Meredith Kercher' has been the subject of intense media scrutiny since 2007 when the offence was committed. Three individuals were arrested and accused of the crime. Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito were exonerated in March 2015. Another defendant, Rudy Guede, remains co
• PMID 26971315

• The Sharpness of Blades Used in Dermatologic Surgery.

• Awadalla F1, Hexsel C, Goldberg LH.
• Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].Dermatol Surg.2016 Jan;42(1):105-7. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000584.
• BACKGROUND: There are numerous blades available for use in dermatologic procedures. There are different advantages that are inhere.nt to different blades due to their shape and size. One aspect of the blade that is instrumental to its performance, but is not objectively defined, is sharpness. This i
• PMID 26655703

Japanese Journal

• 安来刃物から高熱伝導素材へ (島根特集 : 古代神話のふるさとからの先端科学技術開発の取組み)

• 上野 敏之,吉岡 尚志,尾添 伸明 [他]
• マテリアルインテグレーション 25(8・9), 11-15, 2012-08
• NAID 40019411938

• 大皿料理を囲む共食者間の互助的インタラクションを引き出す食卓コミュニケーション促進ツール"GiantCutlery" (画像工学)

• 田中 唯太,小倉 加奈代,西本 一志
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 : 信学技報 111(478), 175-180, 2012-03-12
• NAID 40019224173

• 大皿料理を囲む共食者間の互助的インタラクションを引き出す食卓コミュニケーション促進ツール"GiantCutlery" (マルチメディア・仮想環境基礎)

• 田中 唯太,小倉 加奈代,西本 一志
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 : 信学技報 111(479), 175-180, 2012-03-12
• NAID 40019222696

Related Links

• MITSUBOSHI CUTLERY CO.,LTD.

Language: Japanese / English / Chinese 世界に飛躍を求め、異文化の新たなフィールドを 築く情熱ある人材を求めます。 関の匠の刃物技術でオーストラリアの鯨を救え！ 詳しくはニュースリリースをご覧下さい。 2013/1/17 弊社社長の自叙伝を ...

• cutleryの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

cutleryとは。意味や和訳。[名][U]1 刃物製造[販売, 修繕]業.2 ((集合的))刃物類；食事用器具類（ナイフ・フォーク・スプーンなど）. - goo辞書は国語、英和、和英、中国語、百科事典等からまとめて探せる辞書検索サービスです。

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