cultivable

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not suitable for cultivation or tilling; "thickets of indigenous trees...on uncultivable land"- C.B.Palmer (同)uncultivatable

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/18 15:56:53」(JST)

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Photo showing piece of agricultural land irrigated and ploughed for paddy cultivation.

Agricultural land is typically land devoted to agriculture,^[1] the systematic and controlled use of other forms of life—particularly the rearing of livestock and production of crops—to produce food for humans.^[2]^[3] It is thus generally synonymous with both farmland or cropland, as well as pasture or rangeland.

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and others following its definitions, however, also use agricultural land or agricultural area as a term of art, where it means the collection of:^[4]^[5]

"arable land" (a.k.a. cropland): here redefined to refer to land producing crops requiring annual replanting or fallowland or pasture used for such crops within any five-year period
"permanent cropland": land producing crops which do not require annual replanting
permanent pastures: natural or artificial grasslands and shrublands able to be used for grazing livestock

This sense of "agricultural land" thus includes a great deal of land not devoted to agricultural use. The land actually under annually-replanted crops in any given year is instead said to constitute "sown land" or "cropped land". "Permanent cropland" includes forested plantations used to harvest coffee, rubber, or fruit but not tree farms or proper forests used for wood or timber. Land able to be used for farming is called "cultivable land". Farmland, meanwhile, is used variously in reference to all agricultural land, to all cultivable land, or just to the newly restricted sense of "arable land". Depending upon its use of artificial irrigation, the FAO's "agricultural land" may be divided into irrigated and non-irrigated land.

In the context of zoning, agricultural land or agriculturally-zoned land refers to plots that are permitted to be used for agricultural activities, without regard to its present use or even suitability. In some areas, agricultural land is protected so that it can be farmed without any threat of development. The Agricultural Land Reserve in British Columbia in Canada, for instance, requires approval from its Agricultural Land Commission before its lands can be removed or subdivided.^[6]

Area

Under the FAO's definitions above, agricultural land covers 38.4% of the world's land area as of 2011. Permanent pastures are 68.4% of all agricultural land (26.3% of global land area), arable land (row crops) is 28.4% of all agricultural land (10.9% of global land area), and permanent crops (e.g. vineyards and orchards) are 3.1% (1.2% of global land area).^[7]^[8]

Total of land used to produce food: 49,116,227 square kilometers or 18,963,881 square miles
Arable land: 13,963,743 square kilometers or 5,391,431 square miles
Permanent crops: 1,537,338 square kilometers or 593,570 square miles
Permanent pastures: 33,585,676 square kilometers or 12,967,502 square miles

Globally, the total amount of permanent pasture according to the FAO has been in decline since 1998,^[9] although it should be noted that this does not account for gross conversion (e.g. land extensively cleared for agriculture in some areas, while converted from agriculture to other uses elsewhere) and more detailed analyses have demonstrated this. For example, Lark et al. 2015 found that in the United States cropland increased by 2.98 million acres from 2008-2012 (comprising 7.34 million acres (29,700 km²) converted to agriculture, and 4.36 million acres (17,600 km²) converted from agriculture).^[10]

Agricultural Land Area ('000 km²)
	2008	2009	2010	2011
USA	4,044	4,035	4,109	4,113
Germany	169	169	167	167

Source: Helgi Library,^[11] World Bank, FAOSTAT

Russia

The cost of Russian farmland is as little as €1,500-2,000/ha (£1,260-1,680/ha).^[12] Farmland can be available in France for roughly €10,000/ha, but this is a bargain; for quality soil, realistic prices vary between €50,000-100,000/ha . Farmland has been seen to be available on the Spanish market for as little as €10,000/ha, but this is non-irrigated land.

The average Russian farm measures 150ha.^[12] The most prevalent crops in Russia are wheat, barley, corn, rice, sugar beet, soy beans, sunflower, potatoes and vegetables.^[12] The Krasnodar region in Russia has 86,000ha of arable land.^[12] Russian farmers harvested roughly 85-90 million tonnes of wheat annually in the years around 2010.^[12] Russia exported most to Egypt, Turkey and Iran in 2012; China was a significant export market as well.^[12] The average yield from the Krasnodar region was between 4 and 5 tonnes per ha, while the Russian average was only 2t/ha.^[12] The Basic Element Group, which is a conglomerate owned by Oleg Deripaska, is one of Russia's leading agricultural producers, and owns or manages 109,000ha of Russian farmland, out of 90m actual and 115m total (0.12% actual).^[12]

Ukraine

In 2013, Ukraine was ranked third in corn production and sixth in wheat production.^[13] It was the main supplier of corn, wheat, and rape to Europe,^[13] although it is unclear whether the internal supply from countries like France were accounted in this calculation. Ukrainian farmers achieve 60% of the output per unit area of their North American competitors.^[13] UkrLandFarming PLC produces from 1.6m acres corn wheat barley sugar beet and sunflowers.^[13] Until 2014, the chief Ukrainian export terminal was the Crimean port of Sebastopol.^[13]

External links

Agricultural land: statistics by country

References

^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "agricultural, adj." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2012.
^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "agriculture, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2012.
^ See also, e.g., Provincial Agricultural Land Commission. "What is Agricultural Land? Archived August 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine." The Province of British Columbia. Accessed 1 Aug 2014.
^ FAO. FAOSTAT Glossary Archived May 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.: "Agricultural area".
^ OECD. Glossary of Statistical Terms: "Agricultural land".
^ Provincial Agricultural Land Commission. Official website. Accessed 1 Aug 2014.
^ FAOSTAT data on land use, retrieved December 4, 2015
^ WDI –World Development Indicators online database, retrieved on July 18, 2008 (may require subscription for access; print edition^{[permanent dead link]} from the World Bank).
^ Poore, Joseph (January 2016). "Call for conservation: Abandoned pasture". Science. 351 (6269): 132. doi:10.1126/science.351.6269.132-a.
^ http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044003/meta;jsessionid=8826EC9C94BA1FDDB68BAF8F68A98E43.c1.iopscience.cld.iop.org "Cropland expansion outpaces agricultural and biofuel policies in the United States"
^ helgilibrary.com: "Agricultural Land Area" 2014-02-12
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Farmer's Weekly: "The future of farming in Russia" 9 Dec 2013
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Ukraine crisis sends grain prices soaring" 21 Mar 2014

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 嫌気菌：ヒトの正常細菌叢における歴史および役割 anaerobic bacteria history and role in normal human flora
2. 小児および思春期における歯肉炎および歯周炎：概要 gingivitis and periodontitis in children and adolescents an overview
3. 小児における口腔軟部組織病変 soft tissue lesions of the oral cavity in children
4. 嫌気性感染症における病態生理、臨床的な手がかり、および微生物の回収方法 pathophysiology clinical clues and recovery of organisms in anaerobic infections
5. 歯性感染症の疫学、病因、および臨床症状 epidemiology pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of odontogenic infections

English Journal

Characterization of cultivable bacteria from brazilian sponges.

Santos-Gandelman JF, Santos OC, Pontes PV, Andrade CL, Korenblum E, Muricy G, Giambiagi-Demarval M, Laport MS.SourceInstituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, julsan76@gmail.com.
Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.).Mar Biotechnol (NY).2013 Dec;15(6):668-76. doi: 10.1007/s10126-013-9518-z. Epub 2013 Aug 8.
Among 1,236 colony-forming units (CFU) associated with 11 species of marine sponges collected from a Brazilian coast, a total of 100 morphologically different bacterial strains were analyzed. The phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial isolates was assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplification-restriction
PMID 23925647

Phylogenetic identification of marine bacteria isolated from deep-sea sediments of the eastern South Atlantic Ocean.

da Silva MA, Cavalett A, Spinner A, Rosa DC, Jasper RB, Quecine MC, Bonatelli ML, Pizzirani-Kleiner A, Corção G, Lima AO.SourceCentro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302202 Brazil.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):127. Epub 2013 Mar 22.
The deep-sea environments of the South Atlantic Ocean are less studied in comparison to the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. With the aim of identifying the deep-sea bacteria in this less known ocean, 70 strains were isolated from eight sediment samples (depth range between 1905 to 5560 m) collect
PMID 23565357

Characterization of the Bacterial Community of the Chemically Defended Hawaiian Sacoglossan Elysia rufescens.

Davis J, Fricke WF, Hamann MT, Esquenazi E, Dorrestein PC, Hill RT.SourceInstitute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2013 Nov;79(22):7073-81. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01568-13. Epub 2013 Sep 6.
Sacoglossans are characterized by the ability to sequester functional chloroplasts from their algal diet through a process called kleptoplasty, enabling them to photosynthesize. The bacterial diversity associated with sacoglossans is not well understood. In this study, we coupled traditional cultiva
PMID 24014539

Japanese Journal

Detection of Ranavirus Infection in Cultivated Carps of Northeast India

魚病研究 51(Special-issue), S66-S74, 2016
NAID 130005150411

自己開発型カンニング・フリー試験の試み (統一論題不正・改ざん・偽装に対応するための経営システム)

日本経営システム学会全国大会講演論文集 52, 238-241, 2014-06-14
NAID 40020648342

An Assessment and Management of Cultivable Wastelands for Sustainable Agricultural Development : A Case Study of District Rae Bareli, U.P., INDIA

広島大学現代インド研究 : 空間と社会 4, 1-14, 2014-03
NAID 40020062709

Related Pictures

[1] Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "agricultural, adj." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2012.

[2] Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "agriculture, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2012.

[3] See also, e.g., Provincial Agricultural Land Commission. "What is Agricultural Land? Archived August 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine." The Province of British Columbia. Accessed 1 Aug 2014.

[4] FAO. FAOSTAT Glossary Archived May 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.: "Agricultural area".

[5] OECD. Glossary of Statistical Terms: "Agricultural land".

[6] Provincial Agricultural Land Commission. Official website. Accessed 1 Aug 2014.

[FAOSTAT_data_on_land_use-7] FAOSTAT data on land use, retrieved December 4, 2015

[8] WDI –World Development Indicators online database, retrieved on July 18, 2008 (may require subscription for access; print edition^{[permanent dead link]} from the World Bank).

[9] Poore, Joseph (January 2016). "Call for conservation: Abandoned pasture". Science. 351 (6269): 132. doi:10.1126/science.351.6269.132-a.

[10] ttp://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044003/meta;jsessionid=8826EC9C94BA1FDDB68BAF8F68A98E43.c1.iopscience.cld.iop.org "Cropland expansion outpaces agricultural and biofuel policies in the United States"

[Agricultural_Land_Area-11] rary.com: "Agricultural Land Area" 2014-02-12

[fwi-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Farmer's Weekly: "The future of farming in Russia" 9 Dec 2013

[gm21mar-13] "Ukraine crisis sends grain prices soaring" 21 Mar 2014

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