cross-dress

• vi.

• 異性の服装をする

関

cross-dressing

　

WordNet

1. dress in the clothes of the other sex
2. trace a line through or across; "cross your `t"
3. any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns" (同)crown_of_thorns
4. a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece
5. extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; "cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon" (同)transverse, transversal, thwartwise
6. to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries" (同)traverse, span, sweep
7. fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs"
8. meet and pass; "the trains crossed"
9. put a finish on; "dress the surface smooth"
10. arrange attractively; "dress my hair for the wedding" (同)arrange, set, do, coif, coiffe, coiffure
11. provide with clothes or put clothes on; "Parents must feed and dress their child" (同)clothe, enclothe, garb, raiment, tog, garment, habilitate, fit out, apparel
12. dress in a certain manner; "She dresses in the latest Paris fashion"; "he dressed up in a suit and tie" (同)dress_up
13. put on clothes; "we had to dress quickly"; "dress the patient"; "Can the child dress by herself?" (同)get dressed
14. give a neat appearance to; "groom the dogs"; "dress the horses" (同)groom, curry
15. apply a bandage or medication to; "dress the victims wounds"
16. a one-piece garment for a woman; has skirt and bodice (同)frock
17. provide with decoration; "dress the windows" (同)decorate
18. kill and prepare for market or consumption; "dress a turkey" (同)dress out
19. (of an occasion) requiring formal clothes; "a dress dinner"; "a full-dress ceremony" (同)full-dress
20. arrange in ranks; "dress troops" (同)line_up
21. convert into leather; "dress the tanned skins"
22. cut down rough-hewn (lumber) to standard thickness and width
23. put a dressing on; "dress the salads"
24. the act of applying a bandage (同)bandaging, binding
25. the activity of getting dressed; putting on clothes (同)grooming
26. a cloth covering for a wound or sore (同)medical dressing
27. processes in the conversion of rough hides into leather
28. savory dressings for salads; basically of two kinds: either the thin French or vinaigrette type or the creamy mayonnaise type (同)salad dressing
29. a path (often marked) where something (as a street or railroad) can be crossed to get from one side to the other (同)crosswalk, crossover
30. a voyage across a body of water (usually across the Atlantic Ocean)
31. traveling across
32. a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect
33. placed crosswise; "spoken with a straight face but crossed fingers"; "crossed forks"; "seated with arms across"
34. (of a check) marked for deposit only as indicated by having two lines drawn across it

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉(昔,罪人のはりつけの刑に用いた)『十字架』 / 《the C-》キリストがはりつけになった十字架;キリスト教の象徴としての十字架 / 〈C〉十字(キリスト教徒が右手で切る) / 〈C〉イエスのために耐える苦しみ,受難 / 〈C〉十字架像;(紋章などの)十字形 / 〈C〉キリスト教信仰;《集合的に》キリスト教徒 / 〈C〉十字記号(crisscross)(+または×) / 〈C〉《修飾語を伴って》十字勲章 / 《『the Cross』》南十字星(the Southern Cross) / 〈C〉(動物・植物の)(…間の)異種交配;雑種《+『between』+『名』+『and』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ボクシングの)クロスパンチ / (信仰のしるしとして)〈人・自分〉‘に'『十字を切る』 / …'を'『交差させる』(『する』) / …‘に'『交差させて線を引く』;《英》〈小切手〉‘に'線引きする;…'を'横線(×印)をつけて消す《+『名』+『out』(『off』),+『out』(『off』)+『名』》 / …'を'『横切る』,横断する,渡る / 〈心〉'を'よぎる,‘に'ふと浮かぶ / …‘と'すれ違う,行き違う / …'を'妨げる,‘の'じゃまをする / …'を'交配する / 『交差する』,交わる / (…へ)『横切る』,渡る《+『over to』+『名』》 / すれ違いになる / 〈動物・植物が〉交配する,雑種になる / おこりっぽい,ふきげんな / (風が)反対の / 十文字に交差した,横切った
2. …‘に'『服を着せる』,‘を'装う / …‘を'飾る,飾り付ける / 〈髪〉‘を'整える,手入れする;〈動物の毛〉‘を'すく / (市場用・食卓用に)〈肉・鳥〉‘を'整える,下ごしらえする(prepare) / (ドレッシングなどをかけて)〈サラダ〉‘を'仕上げる / 〈傷口など〉‘の'手当をする / 〈土地〉‘の'手入れをする / 〈織物・石材など〉‘に'仕上げをする / 〈兵隊などの列〉‘を'まっすぐにする / 『服を着る』,服を着ている / 正装する,晴れ着を着る / (兵隊などが)整列する / 〈U〉『衣服』,着物,服装 / 〈U〉《複合語を作って》礼服 / 〈C〉(ワンピースの)『婦人服』,『子供服』 / 〈U〉装い,外観(appearance) / 婦人服(用)の / (衣服が)正式の,礼服の
3. 〈U〉着付け / 〈U〉〈C〉ドレッシング(サラダなどにかけるソース) / 《米》〈U〉(鳥料理などの)詰め物 / 〈C〉包帯,(外科の)手当用品 / 化粧着,部屋着,ガウン
4. 横断,横切ること;渡航 / 交差点,十字路;踏切,《英》横断歩道(《米》crosswalk),(河川・水路の)横断場所 / 異種交配(crossbreeding)
5. (十字形に)交差した / 十字を引いてある,線引きの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/09/04 09:50:02」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Irving Berlin's "This is the Army, Mr. Jones", performed by men dressed as women in 1942

Cross-dressing
History of cross-dressing
Breeches role · Breeching Travesti · In film and television In wartime · Pantomime dame
Key elements
As a transgender identity Passing · Transvestism
Modern drag culture
Ball culture · Drag Drag king · Drag pageantry Drag queen · Faux queen List of drag queens
Sexual aspects
Autoandrophilia · Autogynephilia Feminization · Petticoating Transvestic fetishism Sissy · Transgender sexuality
Sexual attraction to cross-dressers
Andromimetophilia Gynemimetophilia
Other aspects
Bacha posh · Crossplay En femme Female masking Gender disguise
Passing as male
Breast binding · Packing
Passing as female
Cleavage enhancement Hip and buttock padding Breast forms
Organizations
Tri-Ess
Books
My Husband Betty She's Not The Man I Married

Cross-dressing refers to the act of wearing clothing and other accoutrements commonly associated with the opposite sex within a particular society. Cross-dressing has been used for purposes of disguise, comfort, and as a literary trope in modern times and throughout history.

Nearly every human society throughout history has expected distinctions to be made between males and females by the style, color, or type of clothing they are expected to wear, and likewise most societies have had a set of social norms, views, guidelines, or even laws defining what type of clothing is appropriate for each gender. It does not, however, necessarily indicate transgender identity since a person who cross-dresses does not always identify as being of a gender other than their chosen gender.

The term "cross-dressing" denotes an action or a behavior without attributing or implying any specific causes for that behavior. Some people automatically connect cross-dressing behavior to transgender identity or sexual, fetishist, and homosexual behavior, but the term itself does not imply any motives. Cross-dressing is most commonly practiced by heterosexual men.

History

Main article: History of cross-dressing

Frances Benjamin Johnston (right) poses with two cross-dressing friends, the "lady" is identified by Johnston as the illustrator Mills Thompson

Cross-dressing has been practiced throughout much of recorded history and in many societies. There are many examples in Greek, Norse, and Hindu mythology. A reasonable number of historical figures are known to have cross-dressed to varying degrees and for a variety of reasons. There is a rich history of cross-dressing found in folklore, literature, theater, and music.

Varieties

There are many different kinds of cross-dressing and many different reasons why an individual might engage in cross-dressing behavior. Some people cross-dress as a matter of comfort or style, out of personal preference for clothing associated with the opposite sex. In this case, a person's cross-dressing may or may not be apparent to other people. Some people cross-dress to shock others or challenge social norms.

Gender disguise has been used by women and girls to pass as male in society and by men and boys to pass themselves off as female. Gender disguise has also been used as a plot device in storytelling and is a recurring motif in literature, theater, and film. It is a common plot device in narrative ballads. Historically, some women have cross-dressed to take up male-dominated or male-exclusive professions, such as military service. Conversely, some men have cross-dressed to escape from mandatory military service or as a disguise to assist in political or social protest, as men did in the Rebecca Riots.

Single-sex theatrical troupes often have some performers who cross-dress to play roles written for members of the opposite sex (travesti). Cross-dressing, particularly the depiction of males wearing dresses, is often used for comic effect onstage and onscreen.

Drag is a special form of performance art based on the act of cross-dressing. A drag queen is usually a male-bodied person who performs as an exaggeratedly feminine character, in heightened costuming sometimes consisting of a showy dress, high-heeled shoes, obvious makeup, and wig. A drag queen may imitate famous female film or pop-music stars. A faux queen is a female-bodied person employing the same techniques.

A drag king is a counterpart of the drag queen but usually for much different audiences. A female-bodied person who adopt a masculine persona in performance or imitates a male film or pop-music star. Some female-bodied people undergoing gender reassignment therapy also self-identify as drag kings although this use of "drag king" would generally be considered inaccurate.

Drag queens are a form of cross-dressing as performance art

A transvestic fetishist is a person (typically a heterosexual male) who cross-dresses as part of a sexual fetish.

The term underdressing is used by male cross-dressers to describe wearing female undergarments under their male clothes. The famous low-budget filmmaker Edward D. Wood, Jr. said he often wore women's underwear under his military uniform during World War II.

Some people who cross-dress may endeavor to project a complete impression of belonging to another gender, down to mannerisms, speech patterns, and emulation of sexual characteristics. This is referred to as passing or "trying to pass" depending how successful the person is. An observer who sees through the cross-dresser's attempt to pass is said to have read or clocked them. There are videos, books, and magazines on how a man may look more like a woman.

Female masking is a form of cross-dressing in which men wear masks that present them as female.

Sometimes either member of a heterosexual couple will crossdress in order to arouse the other. For example, the male might wear skirts or lingerie and/or the female will wear boxers or other male clothing. (See also forced feminization)

Others may choose to take a mixed approach, adopting some feminine traits and some masculine traits in their appearance. For instance, a man might wear both a dress and a beard. This is sometimes known as genderfuck.

Utilitarian purposes also bring about forms of crossdressing, such as support hose for men with bad circulation in their legs, or the wearing of bras for men with gynecomastia (male breasts).

Clothes

Some male crossdressers seek a more subtle feminine image

The actual determination of cross-dressing is largely socially constructed. For example, in Western society, trousers have been adopted for wear by women, and it is not regarded as cross-dressing. In cultures where men have traditionally worn skirt-like garments such as the kilt or sarong these are not seen as female clothing, and wearing them is not seen as cross-dressing for men. As societies are becoming more global in nature, both men and women are adopting styles of dress associated with other cultures.

It was once considered taboo in Western society for women to wear clothing traditionally associated with men, except in certain circumstances such as cases of necessity (as per St. Thomas Aquinas's guidelines in Summa Theologiae II),

While this prohibition remained in force in general throughout the middle and early modern ages, this is no longer the case and Western women are often seen wearing trousers, ties, and men's hats. Nevertheless, many cultures around the world still prohibit women from wearing trousers or other traditionally male clothing.^{[citation needed]}

Cosplaying may also involve cross-dressing, for some females may wish to dress as a male, and vice versa (see Crossplay). Breast binding (for females) is not uncommon and is most likely needed to cosplay a male character.

In most parts of the world it remains socially frowned upon for men to wear clothes traditionally associated with women. Attempts are occasionally made, e.g. by fashion designers, to promote the acceptance of skirts as everyday wear for men. Cross-dressers have complained that society permits women to wear pants or jeans and other masculine clothing, while condemning any man who wants to wear clothing sold for women.

While creating a more feminine figure, male cross-dressers will often utilize different types and styles of breast forms, which are silicone prostheses traditionally used by women who have undergone mastectomies to recreate the visual appearance of a breast.

While most male cross-dressers utilize clothing associated with modern women, there are some who are involved in subcultures that involve dressing as little girls or in vintage clothing. Some such men have written that they enjoy dressing as feminine as possible, so they will wear frilly dresses with lace and ribbons, bridal gowns complete with veils, as well as multiple petticoats, corsets, girdles and/or garter belts with nylon stockings.

Social issues

An Indian Hijra

Cross-dressers may begin wearing clothing associated with the opposite sex as children, using the clothes of a sibling, parent, or friend. Some parents have said they allowed their children to cross-dress and, in many cases, the child stopped when they became older. The same pattern often continues into adulthood, where there may be confrontations with a spouse. Married cross-dressers experience considerable anxiety and guilt if their spouse objects to their behavior. Most cross-dressers have periodically disposed of all their clothing, a practice called "purging", only to start collecting other gender's clothing again. .

Analyses

The historical associations of maleness with power and femaleness with submission and frivolity mean that in the present time a woman dressing in men's clothing and a man dressing in women's clothing evoke very different responses. A woman dressing in men's clothing is considered to be a more acceptable activity. Feminist advocacy for social change has done much to relax the constrictions of gender roles on men and women, but they are still heavily policed. The reason it is so hard to have statistics for female-bodied crossdressers is that the line where non-crossdressing stops and crossdressing begins has become blurred, whereas the same line for men is just as defined. This is one of the many issues being addressed by third wave feminism as well as the modern-day masculist movement.

A cross dresser at a party in India

Culture can be very skewed about cross-dressing. A woman who wears her husband's shirt to bed is considered attractive while a man who wears his wife's nightgown to bed is considered transgressive. Marlene Dietrich in a tuxedo was considered very erotic; Jack Lemmon in a dress was considered ridiculous. All this may result from an overall gender role rigidity for males; that is, because of the prevalent gender dynamic throughout the world, men frequently encounter discrimination when deviating from masculine gender norms, particularly violations of heteronormativity. A man's adoption of feminine clothing is often considered a going down in the gendered social order whereas a woman's adoption of what are traditionally men's clothing (at least in the English-speaking world) has less of an impact because women have been traditionally subordinate to men, unable to affect serious change through style of dress. Thus when a male cross-dresser puts on his clothes, he transforms into the quasi-female and thereby becomes an intolerable embodiment of the conflicted gender dynamic. Following the work of Butler, gender proceeds along through ritualized performances, but in male cross-dressing it becomes a performative "breaking" of the masculine and a "subversive repetition" of the feminine.

Some psychoanalysts today do not regard cross-dressing by itself a psychological problem, unless it interferes with the functioning of a person's life. "For instance," said Dr. Joseph Merlino, Senior Editor of the book Freud at 150: 21st Century Essays on a Man of Genius, "[suppose that]...I'm a cross-dresser and I don't want to keep it confined to my circle of friends, or my party circle, and I want to take that to my wife and I don't understand why she doesn't accept it, or I take it to my office and I don't understand why they don't accept it, then it's become a problem because it's interfering with my relationships and environment."

See also

• Androgyny
• Autogynephilia
• Breeches role
• Breeching (boys)
• Cogender
• Cross-dressing in film and television           
• Cross-dressing in literature
• En femme
• The Famous Flower of Serving-Men
• Feminization
• Gender identity
• Hijra (South Asia)

• Kathoey
• List of transgender-related topics
• List of wartime crossdressers
• Passing (gender)
• Sex and gender distinction
• Sexual orientation hypothesis
• Sissy (transgender)
• Transvestism
• Travesti (theatre)
• Tri-Ess
• Twelfth Night
• Two-spirit

References

Further reading

• Charles Anders, The Lazy Crossdresser, Greenery Press, 2002. ISBN 1-890159-37-9.
• Helen Boyd, My Husband Betty, Thunder's Mouth Press, 2003
• Lucy Chesser, Parting with My Sex: Cross-dressing, Inversion and Sexuality in Australian Cultural Life, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 2008. ISBN 978-1-920898-31-1.
• Clute & Grant, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, Orbit Books, 1997. ISBN 978-1-85723-368-1
• Rudolf M. Dekker, Lotte C. Van De Pol, Lotte C. Van De Pol, The Tradition of Female Transvestism in Early Modern Europe, 1989, ISBN 0-312-17334-2.
• Peggy J. Rudd, Crossdressing with Dignity: The Case for Transcending Gender Lines, PM Publishers, Inc., 1999. ISBN 0-9626762-6-8.
• Lacey Leigh, Out & About: The Emancipated Crossdresser, Double Star Press, 2002. ISBN 0-9716680-0-0.
• Richard J. Novic, Alice in genderland: a crossdresser comes of age, iUniverse, 2005, ISBN 0-595-31562-3
• Roscoe, Will, The Zuni Man-Woman, University of New Mexico Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8263-1253-5.
• Valory Gravois, Cherry Single, Alchemist/Light Publishing, 1997 (Available to read free, online), ISBN 0-9600650-5-9
• Nick Simon, 'My exotic life as a traditional Polynesian "third gender" cross-dresser'... by England rugby star Manu Tuilagi's brother", [1]

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 薬物による過敏症および好酸球増多症（DRESS） drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms dress
• 2. バンコマイシン過敏症 vancomycin hypersensitivity
• 3. 薬物アレルギー：分類および臨床的特徴 drug allergy classification and clinical features
• 4. マクロライド系剤、アミノグリコシド、テトラサイクリン、クリンダマイシン、およびメトロニダゾールに対する過敏反応 hypersensitivity reactions to macrolides aminoglycosides tetracyclines clindamycin and metronidazole
• 5. セファロスポリンアレルギー：臨床症状および診断 cephalosporin allergy clinical manifestations and diagnosis

English Journal

• The importance of the orthopaedic doctors' appearance: A cross-regional questionnaire based study.

• Aitken SA1, Tinning CG2, Gupta S3, Medlock G4, Wood AM5, Aitken MA6.Author information 1Dept of Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK. Electronic address: stuart.aitken@nhs.net.2Dept of Orthopaedics, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.3Dept of Orthopaedics, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.4Dept of Orthopaedics, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK.5Dept of Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.6Doune Health Centre, Doune, Perthshire FK16 6DR, UK.AbstractOBJECTIVES: Critics of the Department of Health 'bare below the elbow' guidelines have raised concerns over the impact of these dress regulations on the portrayed image and professionalism of doctors. However, the importance of the doctor's appearance in relation to other professional attributes is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the opinion of patients on the importance of appearance and the style of clothing worn by doctors.
• The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland.Surgeon.2014 Feb;12(1):40-6. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2013.07.002. Epub 2013 Aug 6.
• OBJECTIVES: Critics of the Department of Health 'bare below the elbow' guidelines have raised concerns over the impact of these dress regulations on the portrayed image and professionalism of doctors. However, the importance of the doctor's appearance in relation to other professional attributes is
• PMID 23932798

• Nursing under the skin: a netnographic study of metaphors and meanings in nursing tattoos.

• Eriksson H, Christiansen M, Holmgren J, Engström A, Salzmann-Erikson M.Author information The Red Cross University College, Stockholm, Sweden.AbstractThe aims of this study were to present themes in nursing motifs as depicted in tattoos and to describe how it reflects upon nursing in popular culture as well as within professional nursing culture. An archival and cross-sectional observational study was conducted online to search for images of nursing tattoos that were freely available, by utilizing the netnographic methodology. The 400 images were analyzed in a process that consisted of four analytical steps focusing on metaphors and meanings in the tattoos. The findings present four themes: angels of mercy and domination; hegemonic nursing technology; embodying the corps; and nurses within the belly of the monster. The tattoos serve as a mirror of popular culture and the professional culture of nurses and nursing practice within the context of body art. Body art policy statements have been included in nursing personnel dress code policies. Usually these policies prohibit tattoos that are sexist, symbolize sex or could contribute and reproduce racial oppression. The results show that the tattoos can be interpreted according to several layers of meanings in relation to such policies. We therefore stress that this is an area highly relevant for further analyses in nursing research.
• Nursing inquiry.Nurs Inq.2014 Jan 28. doi: 10.1111/nin.12061. [Epub ahead of print]
• The aims of this study were to present themes in nursing motifs as depicted in tattoos and to describe how it reflects upon nursing in popular culture as well as within professional nursing culture. An archival and cross-sectional observational study was conducted online to search for images of nurs
• PMID 24467822

• Importance of physicians' attire: factors influencing the impression it makes on patients, a cross-sectional study.

• Kurihara H, Maeno T, Maeno T.Author information Department of General Medicine and Primary Care, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Amakubo 2-1-1, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture 305-0005, Japan. hkurihara-tkb@umin.ac.jp.AbstractOBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the importance of physician attire in inspiring confidence in patients, patient preferences and factors influencing the impression made by the clothing worn by doctors.
• Asia Pacific family medicine.Asia Pac Fam Med.2014 Jan 8;13(1):2. doi: 10.1186/1447-056X-13-2.
• OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the importance of physician attire in inspiring confidence in patients, patient preferences and factors influencing the impression made by the clothing worn by doctors.METHODS: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed and completed in
• PMID 24397871

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

拡張検索	「cross-dressing」
関連記事	「cross」「crossing」「dressing」「crossed」「dress」

「cross-dressing」

　　[★]

• n.

• (心)服装倒錯(transvestism)(異性の衣服を着用する性倒錯の一種)

「cross」

　　[★]

• クロス、交雑種、横断する、通過する、交雑させる、交差する

関

crossbred、crossbreeding、crossing、crossing over、crosslink、crossreact、decussation、hybridization、hybridize、intersect、intersection、pass、pass through、passage、transect、transit、transversal、transverse

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「crossing」

　　[★]

• 横断、交雑、交差性の、交叉性の

関

cross、crossbred、crossbreeding、crossed、hybridization、hybridize、transect、transversal、transverse

　 　 　 　 　

「dressing」

　　[★]

• n.

• 包帯材、包帯法、ドレッシング、仕上げ、更衣動作

関

bandage、bandaging

　 　 　 　 　 　

「crossed」

　　[★]

• 交差性の、交叉性の

関

crossing

　 　 　

「dress」

　　[★]