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a country scattered over Micronesia with a constitutional government in free association with the United States; achieved independence in 1986 (同)Federated States of Micronesia, TT
the islands in the northwestern part of Oceania

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しわくちゃばばあ
ミクロネシア(Mariana,Caroline,Marshall諸島などを含む,大洋州の3大区分の一つ;1979年アメリカ合衆国信託統治領より独立;公式名はthe Federated States of Micronesia(ミクロネシア連合州);首都Saipan)

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Not to be confused with Croan, Crohn, or Krone (disambiguation).

Look up crone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The crone is a stock character in folklore and fairy tale, an old woman. In some stories, she is disagreeable, malicious, or sinister in manner, often with magical or supernatural associations that can make her either helpful or obstructing. The Crone is also an archetypal figure, a Wise Woman. She is marginalized by her exclusion from the reproductive cycle,^[1] and her proximity to death places her in contact with occult wisdom. As a character type, the crone shares characteristics with the hag.

The word "crone" is a less common synonym for "old woman," and is more likely to appear in reference to traditional narratives than in contemporary everyday usage.^[2] The word became further specialized as the third aspect of the Triple Goddess popularized by Robert Graves and subsequently in some forms of neopaganism, particularly Wicca in which she symbolizes the Dark Goddess, the dark of the moon, the end of a cycle. In New Age and Feminist spiritual circles, a "Croning" is a ritual rite of passage into an era of wisdom, freedom, and personal power.

Etymology

As a noun, crone entered the English language around the year 1390, deriving from the Anglo-French word carogne (an insult), itself deriving from the Old North French carogne, caroigne, meaning a disagreeable woman (literally meaning "carrion"). Prior to the entrance of the word into English, the surname Hopcrone is recorded (around 1323–1324).^[3]

In hero-journey

In Joseph Campbell's classic work The Hero with a Thousand Faces, the first encounter of the hero on his journey is with a protective figure who provides him with amulets or magic devices against the dangers he will face. The crone is one of the most common of these protective figures.^[4]

“

The child of destiny has to face a long period of obscurity. This is a time of extreme danger, impediment, or disgrace. He is thrown inward to his own depths or outward to the unknown; either way, what he touches is a darkness unexplored. And this is a zone of unsuspected presences, benign as well as malignant: an angel appears, a helpful animal, a fisherman, a hunter, crone, or peasant.^[5]

”

Campbell links the "helpful crone" to the fairy godmother.^[6] The wicked fairy godmother sometimes appears in the guise of a crone.

Examples

Baba Yaga rides a pig and fights the infernal crocodile

In Norse myth, Thor wrestles the crone Elli who personifies old age.^[7]

The Slavic witch Baba Yaga is a crone and liminal guardian to the Otherworld.^[8]

In the local folklore of Somerset in southwest England, The Woman of the Mist is said to appear sometimes as a crone gathering sticks; sightings of her were reported as late as the 1950s.^[9] In the Scottish Highlands tale "The Poor Brother and the Rich," a crone refuses to stay buried until her son-in-law provides a generous wake, after which he becomes as wealthy as his more fortunate brother.^[10]

References

^ Karen Hartnup, On the Beliefs of the Greeks: Leo Allatios and Popular Orthodoxy (Brill, 2004), pp. 149–150 online.
^ Based on a Google search of "crone" (2,510,000 hits) and "old woman" (about 16,700,000). Additional data from a search of the New York Times archives since 1981 which yielded 9100 results for "crone" and 10,023 for "old woman"; in the period 1851–1980, 4,137 for "crone" and 12,270 for "old woman." Searches did not sort out the surname "Crone," nor the construction "N-year-old woman." Retrieved 29 March 2009.
^ Barnhart, Robert K. (1995) The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-270084-7
^ Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (orig. pub. Princeton University Press, 1968; 3rd ed. 2008), p. 57 online.
^ Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, p. 280.
^ Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, p. 59.
^ Jane Chance, Tolkien and the Invention of Myth (University Press of Kentucky, 2004), pp. 153–154 online.
^ Roy G. Willis, World Mythology (Macmillan, 1993), p. 209 online.
^ Katherine Mary Briggs, The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature (University of Chicago Press, 1967, 1989), p. 41 online.
^ J.F. Campbell, Popular Tales of the West Highlands Orally Collected (London, 1890), vol. 1, pp. 237–240 online, full text downloadable.

English Journal

Stretch calculated from grip distance accurately approximates mid-specimen stretch in large elastic arteries in uniaxial tensile tests.

Tian L1, Henningsen J1, Salick MR2, Crone WC2, Gunderson M3, Dailey SH3, Chesler NC4.
Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.J Mech Behav Biomed Mater.2015 Jul;47:107-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.03.016. Epub 2015 Apr 3.
The mechanical properties of vascular tissues affect hemodynamics and can alter disease progression. The uniaxial tensile test is a simple and effective method for determining the stress-strain relationship in arterial tissue ex vivo. To enable calculation of strain, stretch can be measured directly
PMID 25881308

Factors influencing the introduction of physical activity interventions in primary health care: a qualitative study.

Huijg JM1, van der Zouwe N, Crone MR, Verheijden MW, Middelkoop BJ, Gebhardt WA.
International journal of behavioral medicine.Int J Behav Med.2015 Jun;22(3):404-14. doi: 10.1007/s12529-014-9411-9.
BACKGROUND: The introduction of efficacious physical activity (PA) interventions in routine primary health care (PHC) is a complex process. Understanding factors influencing the process can enhance the development of successful introduction strategies.PURPOSE: The aim of this qualitative study was t
PMID 24764172

A process evaluation of the NHS Health Check care pathway in a primary care setting.

Baker C1, Loughren EA1, Crone D1, Kallfa N2.
Journal of public health (Oxford, England).J Public Health (Oxf).2015 Jun;37(2):202-9. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv053. Epub 2015 Apr 28.
BACKGROUND: More evidence is needed concerning the implementation of the NHS Health Check programme in order to identify areas for improvement. The aim of the study was to investigate the way in which the Gloucestershire NHS Health Check programme care pathway was followed and interpreted compared w
PMID 25922370

Japanese Journal

Improved spillover correction model to quantify myocardial blood flow by C-11-acetate PET : comparison with O-15-H2O PET

Annals of nuclear medicine 29(1), 15-20, 2015-01
NAID 120005682119

FORUM 難治性(薬剤抵抗性)てんかんについて

Epilepsy : てんかんの総合学術誌 8(1), 47-51, 2014-05
NAID 40020103347

Nutrient enrichment alters dynamics in experimental plant populations

Population Ecology 56(1), 97-107, 2014-01
NAID 40019930137

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