目次
WordNet
- someone who sells or applies cosmetics
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (化粧品を扱う)美容師
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/02 23:06:28」(JST)
wiki en
Not to be confused with Cosmology.
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"Coiffeur" redirects here. Coiffeur may also refer to Hairdresser.
Cosmetology class in California, 1946
Cosmetology (from Greek κοσμητικός, kosmētikos, "beautifying";[1] and -λογία, -logia) is the study and application of beauty treatment. Branches of specialty includes hairstyling, skin care, cosmetics, manicures/pedicures, and electrology.
Contents
- 1 Cosmetology specialties
- 1.1 Cosmetologist
- 1.2 Hair colorist
- 1.3 Shampoo technician
- 2 Cosmecaregiver
- 3 Desairologist
- 4 Esthecaregiver
- 5 Esthetician
- 6 Massagecaregive
- 7 Nailtekcaregiver
- 8 Nailtekmedic
- 8.1 Occupational hazards
- 8.2 Chemical exposures
- 8.2.1 Dibutyl phthalate
- 8.2.2 Formaldehyde
- 8.2.2.1 Salon worker exposure to formaldehyde and related health effects
- 8.2.2.2 OSHA requirements regarding formaldehyde
- 9 Notable cosmetologists
- 10 Notable cosmetology schools
- 11 References
- 12 External links
Cosmetology specialties
Cosmetologist
Cosmetologist versus Barber, Beautician, Coiffeur(hairstylist)
Barbers are licensed to cut hair & remove hair utilizing an extremely sharp blade on skin. Coiffeur (hairstylist)not use a sharp blade on skin, Beauticians are licensed to cut hair and style hair, apply chemicals to hair and do makeup (not use a sharp blade on skin) Cosmetologists are expanded into multiple fields including cutting and chemically treating hair, chemical hair removal without a sharp blade, fashion trends, wigs, nails and skin care, skin and hair analysis; relaxation techniques including head, neck, scalp, hand and feet basic massage and aroma therapies; plus ability to expertly apply makeup applications to cover or promote and can expand into further specialties such as reflexology; theatrical applications; cosmetics and others as listed below. A cosmetologist is someone who is an expert in the care of hair and makeup as well as skincare and beauty products. They can also offer other services such as coloring, extensions, and straightening. Cosmetologists help their clients improve on or acquire a certain look by applying advance trending aesthetic applications to persons such as career goaled or undergoing stress that may hinder a favorable inner & exterior self-image. Hair stylists often style hair for weddings, proms, and other special events in addition to routine hair styling. Some well-known schools for cosmetologists include the Marissa Montoya Academy, Regency, Marinello Schools of Beauty, and also Empire beauty school. At these beauty schools students learn to cut and style hair, execute manicures and pedicures, and apply cosmetics. There are numerous techniques required to successfully achieve each desired look of the customer. Typical cosmetology school lasts around a year or a little less. Full-time salon professionals earn average salaries of approximately $48,000 with the potential of even greater earnings.[2]
Hair colorist
A colorist is a hair stylist that specializes in coloring the hair line. In the US, some colorists are “board certified” through the American Board of Certified Hair colorists. This designation is used to recognize colorists that have a greater level of competency in the industry,also in many salons they have very important jobs, they mainly have to do highlights or root touch-ups and or dying hair.
Shampoo technician
A shampoo technician shampoos and conditions a client's hair in preparation for the hair stylist. This is generally an apprentice position and a first step for many just out of cosmetology school.
Cosmecaregiver
Cosmecaregiving is a branch of cosmetology that involves systematic coherent approach of newly developed medical beauty hygienic for hair, nails and skin of bedridden people. Cosmecaregivers are state licensed cosmetologists and barber stylists are registered specialist who practice in health facilities and in-house at the patient’s bedside. They maintain ethics, sanitation, do not need supervision and to obtain the patient’s consent. Their performance meets basic expectations with patient safety and efficiency. They report to the charge nurse or responsible family member in residence for instruction prior to the service. They rely on a delegated assistant or family member for patient preparation. They collect service record data given to the charge nurse or family member upon completion. See Cosmetologist And Barber Stylist Guide in Patient Care (First Edition 2014)”.[3] Although the study of Cosmecaregiving is not widely common in school curriculum it is a postgraduate elective career offered as a distance learning study course. Upon completing the registry test found in the book the graduate receive a certificate of specialization with their registry number. Their service fills the need of integrating some of the service rendered by patient care assistants with services that could be best delivered by registered Cosmecaregivers. Historically, Standard Cosmetology textbook used by students had overlooked development of specialized cosmetology techniques for bedridden people due to the fact state boards prohibited service at patient’s bedside. As registered cosmecaregivers they must adhere to certain operational procedures in order to reduce the risk from exposure to bloodborne pathogens. They must sign a waiver of all liability.
Desairologist
Desairologist performing specialized cosmetology at funeral home
Desairology is a branch of cosmetology that involves various phases of cosmetology, a systematic coherent approach to providing highly specialized techniques for the hair, nails and skin of the deceased. Desairologists are state licensed cosmetologists and barber stylists, qualified to perform specialized hair techniques in a funeral home preparation room. They provide cosmetic, nail and hair-color services upon family request. They are accountable for preparation room regulations, maintain ethics, sanitation and assist practitioners with non - cosmetic items when requested then complete the service record given to the director upon completions. The goal of the desairologist is to make sure the deceased person looks natural and as good as he or she did while living. See DESAIROLOGY – The Dressing of Decedents Hair[4] (First Edition 1980) used in cosmetology courses. Other common terms to describe Desairology or Desairologist include Funeral Cosmetology, Mortuary Cosmetology and Deceased Hairstyling. Although the study Desairology is not widely common in school curriculum it is a post graduate elective offered as a home study course which the graduates receive a certificate of specialization with their registry number. It fills the need of integrating some of the services rendered by the funeral service practitioners and practical embalmers with services that could be best delivered by registered Desairologists. Historically, Standard Cosmetology textbook used by students had overlooked development of specialized Cosmetology techniques for the deceased. Family members could have requested salon services at the time of funeral arrangements. In some instances, families who had requested salon cosmetologists for their deceased have been disappointed when employment had been denied to the Desairologist by practitioners of two national funeral conglomerates and that they cannot work in a preparation room. The families and salon professionals had been told that cosmetologists were not OSHA certified, which is misinformation because OSHA does not certify and leaves the families no recourse. In these cases, the funeral providers do the best they can with these services. In servicing the deceased, Desairologists can recreate the hairstyle the family remembers before they died. According to OSHA[5] and the state board regulations, the hiring firm must inform the Desairologist that there may be certain hazardous materials in the facility. Prior to the Desairologist service the director or practical embalmer washes the decedents entire body including hair and scalp with a disinfectant soap. The firm requires the Desairologist to adhere to certain operational procedures in order to reduce the risk from exposure and must sign a waiver of all liability.
Esthecaregiver
Esthecaregiving is a branch of cosmetology that involves systematic coherent approach of newly developed medical beauty hygienic for skin of bedridden people. Esthecaregivers are state licensed estheticians are registered specialist who practice in health facilities and in-house at the patient’s bedside. They maintain ethic, sanitation, do not need supervision and to obtain the patient’s consent. Their performance meets basic expectations with patient safety and efficiency. They report to the charge nurse or responsible family member in residence for instruction prior to the service. They rely on a delegated assistant for patient preparation and if needed. They collect service record data given to the charge nurse or family member upon completion. Noella Papagno, the author of the “Esthetician Guide in Patient Care (First Edition 2014)”[6] coined the term esthecaregiver. Although the study of esthecaregiving is not widely common in school curriculum it is a postgraduate elective career offered as a distance learning study course. Upon completing the registry test found in the book the graduate receive a certificate of specialization with their registry number. Their service fills the need to provide bedridden people complete relaxation. Historically, Standard Cosmetology textbook used by students had overlooked development of specialized esthetician techniques because state boards prohibited service at patient bedside. As registered esthecaregivers they must adhere to certain operational procedures in order to reduce the risk from exposure to bloodborne pathogens. They must sign a waiver of all liability.
Esthetician
Estheticians (sometimes referred to as Aesteticians) are licensed professionals who are experts in maintaining and improving a healthy epidermis.[7] An esthetician's general scope of practice is limited to the epidermis (the outer layer of skin).[8] Estheticians work in many different environments such as salons, med spas, day spas, skin care clinics, and private practice. Estheticians may also specialize in machine treatments such as microdermabrasion, microcurrent (also called non-surgical "face lifts"), cosmetic electrotherapy treatments (galvanic current, high frequency), LED (light emitting diode), ultrasound/ultrasonic (low level), and mechanical massage (vacuum and g8 vibratory).[9][10] The esthetician may undergo special training for treatments such as laser hair removal, permanent makeup, and electrology. In the US, estheticians must be licensed in the state in which they are working and are governed by the cosmetology board of that state. Estheticians must complete a minimum 300–1500 hours of training and pass both a written and hands-on exam in order to be licensed by the state.[11] The requirements for each state vary significantly, depending on the state's requirements for other licenses in the scope of cosmetology.[12] Utah, Virginia and Washington are the only states at this time to adopt the Master Esthetician License.[13] Additional post graduate training is sometimes required when specializing in areas such as medical esthetics (working in a doctor's office). Estheticians work under a dermatologist’s supervision only when employed by the dermatologist's practice. Estheticians treat a wide variety of skin issues that are cosmetic in nature, such as mild acne, hyperpigmentation, and aging skin. Skin disease and disorders are referred to a dermatologist or other medical professional. The word esthetician is an alternative spelling of aesthetician, a derivation of the word aesthetic, or beauty.[14]
Massagecaregive
Massagecaregiving is a branch of massage therapy that involves systematic coherent approach of newly developed medical massages for bedridden people. Massagecaregivers are state licensed massage therapists and registered specialist who practices in health facilities and in-house at the patient’s bedside. They maintain ethics, sanitation, do not need supervision and to obtain the patient’s consent. Their performance meets basic expectations with patient safety and efficiency. They report to the charge nurse for instruction prior to the service. They rely on a delegated assistant for patient preparation and if needed. They collect service record data given to the charge nurse upon completion. Noella Papagno, the author of Hospital Patient Care- Massage Therapy (First Edition 2014)[15] coined the term massagecaregiver. Although the study of Massagecaregiving is not widely common in school curriculum it is a postgraduates elective career offered as a distance learning study course. Upon completing the registry test found in the book the graduate receive a certificate of specialization with their registry number. As registered massagecaregivers they must adhere to certain operational procedures in order to reduce the risk from exposure to bloodborne pathogens. They must sign a waiver of all liability.
Nailtekcaregiver
Nailtekcaregiving is a branch cosmetology that involves systematic coherent approach of newly developed medical beauty hygienic for nails of bedridden people. nailtekcaregivers are state licensed nail technicians are registered specialist who practice in health facilities and in-house at the patient’s bedside. They maintain ethics, sanitation, do not need supervision and to obtain the patient’s consent. Their performance meet basic expectations with patient safety and efficiency. They report to the charge nurse or responsible family member in residence for instruction prior to the service. They rely on a delegated assistant for patient preparation and if needed. They collect service record data given to the charge nurse or family member upon completion. See "The Nail Technician Guide in Patient Care" (First Edition 2014).[16] Although the study of Nailtekcaregiving is not widely common in school curriculum it is a post-graduate elective career offered as a distance learning study course. Upon completing the registry test found in the book the graduate receive a certificate of specialization with their registry number. Their service fill the need of integrating some of the service rendered by patient care assistants with services that could be best delivered by registered nailtekcaregivers. Historically, Standard Cosmetology textbook used by students had overlooked development of specialized cosmetology techiques for bedridden people because state boards prohibited service at patient bedside. As registered nailtekcaregivers they must adhere to certain operational procedures in order to reduce the risk from exposure to bloodborne pathogens. They must sign a waiver of all liability.
Nailtekmedic
Nailtekmedic is a state licensed nail technician, registered to practice in a podiatrist and dermatologist office in a supplemental role. Professional standards were needed to characterize this emerging branch of cosmetology. It provides an expanded opportunity for salon and spa professionals who wish to deliver newly developed medical hygienic pedicures to people who seek nail health. They do not need supervision and to obtain client’s consent. Their performance meets basic expectations with client’s safety and efficiency. They report to the charge nurse and sometime rely on a delegated assistant when needed. They maintain sanitation, ethics and collect service record data given to the charge nurse upon completion. See Nailtekmedic Guide in a Physician’s Office (First Edition 2014).[17] Although the study of this caregiving service is not widely common in school curriculum it is a post-graduate elective career offered as a distance learning study course. Upon completing the registry test found in the book, the graduate receives a certificate of specialization with their registry number. Historically, state boards prohibited service other than in a salon. As registered nailtekmedic they must adhere to certain operational procedures in order to reduce the risk from exposure to bloodborne pathogens. They must sign a waiver of all liability.
Occupational hazards
Many chemicals in salon products pose potential health risks, the majority of which are not well regulated. Examples of hazardous chemicals found in common treatments (e.g. hair coloring, straightening, perms, relaxers, keratin treatments, Brazilian Blowouts, and nail treatments) include dibutyl phthalate, formaldehyde, lye (sodium hydroxide), ammonia, and coal tar. Allergies and dermatitis have forced approximately 20% of hairdressers to stop practicing their profession.[18]
Chemical exposures
Dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is used in some nail enamels and hardeners. DBP is a plasticizer that is used because of its flexibility and film forming properties, making it an ideal ingredient in nail polishes. When a polish is applied, it dries to the nail as some of the other chemicals volatilize. DBP is a chemical that remains on the nail, making the polish less brittle and apt to crack. The chemical may not only be absorbed through the nail, but through the skin as well. When nail-polished hands are washed, small amounts of DBP can leach out of the polish and come into contact with the skin. The application of nail polish can also provide an opportunity for skin absorption.[19]
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is a colorless, strong smelling liquid that is highly volatile, making exposure to both workers and clients potentially unhealthy. Both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) classify formaldehyde as a human carcinogen. Formaldehyde has been linked to nasal and lung cancer, with possible links to brain cancer and leukemia.[20]
Growing evidence reveals that various popular hair-smoothing treatments contain formaldehyde and release formaldehyde as a gas. Four laboratories in California, Oregon, and Canada, confirmed a popular hair straightening treatment, the Brazilian Blowout, contained between 4% and 12% formaldehyde. Oregon OSHA demonstrated that other keratin-based hair smoothing products also contain formaldehyde, with concentrations from 1% to 7%.[21]
Salon worker exposure to formaldehyde and related health effects
Formaldehyde may be present in hair smoothing solutions or as a vapor in the air. Stylists and clients may inhale formaldehyde as a gas or a vapor into the lungs and respiratory tract. Formaldehyde vapor can also make contact with mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or throat. Formaldehyde solutions may be absorbed through the skin during the application process of liquid hair straighteners. Solutions of formaldehyde can release formaldehyde gas at room temperature and heating such solutions can speed up this process. Exposure often occurs when heat is applied to the treatment, via blow drying and flat ironing.[21][22]
Stylists and clients have reported acute health problems while using or after using certain hair smoothing treatments containing formaldehyde. Reported problems include nose-bleeds, burning eyes and throat, skin irritation and asthma attacks. Other symptoms related to formaldehyde exposure include watery eyes; runny nose; burning sensation or irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat; dry and sore throat; respiratory tract irritation; coughing; chest pain; shortness of breath; wheezing; loss of sense of smell; headaches; and fatigue.[23]
OSHA requirements regarding formaldehyde
OSHA requires manufacturers, importers, and distributors to identify formaldehyde on any product that contains more than 0.1% formaldehyde (as a gas or in a solution), or if the product can release formaldehyde at concentrations greater than 0.1 parts per million (ppm). Safety data sheets (SDS) must also accompany the product and kept on premises with the product at all times. The SDS must explain why a chemical in the product is hazardous, how it is harmful, how workers can protect themselves, and what they should do in an emergency.[24]
Salon owners and stylists are advised to look closely at the hair smoothing products they use (read product labels and SDS sheets) to see if they contain methylene glycol, formalin, methylene oxide, paraform, formic aldehyde, methanal, oxomethane, oxymethylene, or CAS Number 50-00-0. According to OSHA's Formaldehyde standard, a product containing any of these names should be treated as a product containing formaldehyde. OSHA’s Hazard Communication standard (Right to Know) states that salon owners and other employers' must have a SDS for products containing hazardous chemicals. If salon owners or other employers decide to use products that contain or release formaldehyde they are required to follow the guidelines in OSHA’s Formaldehyde standard.[24]
Notable cosmetologists
- Kevyn Aucoin
- John Frieda
- Marjorie Joyner
- Paul Mitchell
- Vidal Sassoon
- Lee Stafford
- Madam C. J. Walker
- Estée Lauder
- Christine Valmy
- Lydia Sarfati
- Anthony Mascolo
- Ellis Faas
- Lino Carbosiero
- Tabatha Coffey
- Ruth Johns Ferguson
- Annie Malone
Notable cosmetology schools
- Empire Beauty School
- Remington College
References
- ^ "Cosmetic - Definition of cosmetic by Merriam-Webster". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ "About The Salon Industry". Average Yearly Income of a Hair Stylist.
- ^ "Desairology, Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care Books, Beauty caregiver book for Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care, Cosmetologist & Barber Stylist Guide inpatient Care,Esthetician Guide inpatient Care, Nailtekmedic Guide in a Physicians Office, Nail Technician Guide inpatient Care". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ "Desairology, Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care Books, Beauty caregiver book for Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care, Cosmetologist & Barber Stylist Guide inpatient Care,Esthetician Guide inpatient Care, Nailtekmedic Guide in a Physicians Office, Nail Technician Guide inpatient Care". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ Enforcement Procedures for the Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1030
- ^ "Desairology, Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care Books, Beauty caregiver book for Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care, Cosmetologist & Barber Stylist Guide inpatient Care,Esthetician Guide inpatient Care, Nailtekmedic Guide in a Physicians Office, Nail Technician Guide inpatient Care". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ Schmaling, Susanne (2011). Miladys Aesthetician Series: Aging Skin. Clifton Park NY: Cengage Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4354-9614-9.
- ^ Milady Standards Fundamentals Esthetics
- ^ Milady Standard Advanced Esthetics
- ^ Professional BeautyTherapy 3rd Edition
- ^ "About Membership". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ "State Cosmetology License Requirements & Cosmetology Hours by State". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ "Washington State's New Licensing Law for Estheticians". Skin Inc. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ "Aesthetic - Definition of aesthetic by Merriam-Webster". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ "Desairology, Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care Books, Beauty caregiver book for Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care, Cosmetologist & Barber Stylist Guide inpatient Care,Esthetician Guide inpatient Care, Nailtekmedic Guide in a Physicians Office, Nail Technician Guide inpatient Care". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ "Desairology, Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care Books, Beauty caregiver book for Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care, Cosmetologist & Barber Stylist Guide inpatient Care,Esthetician Guide inpatient Care, Nailtekmedic Guide in a Physicians Office, Nail Technician Guide inpatient Care". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ "Desairology, Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care Books, Beauty caregiver book for Medical Beauty Hygenic and Funeral Hair Care, Cosmetologist & Barber Stylist Guide inpatient Care,Esthetician Guide inpatient Care, Nailtekmedic Guide in a Physicians Office, Nail Technician Guide inpatient Care". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ Reducing chemical exposure is a continual career investment
- ^ Environmental Working Group - Does a common chemical in nail polish pose risks to human health?
- ^ United States Department of Labor – Safety and Health Topics – Formaldehyde
- ^ a b California Department of Public Health – Q&A: Brazilian Blowout and other hair smoothing salon treatments
- ^ Oregon OSHA – Hazard Alert – Hair smooth products and formaldehyde
- ^ Oregon OSHA and CROET - “Keratin-Based” Hair Smoothing Products And the Presence of Formaldehyde
- ^ a b United States Department of Labor – Hazard Alert - Hair Smoothing Products That Could Release Formaldehyde
External links
| Look up cosmetology or coiffeur in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Historical works on cosmetology digitized by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris)
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English Journal
- Anaphylactic reaction 5 minutes after the start of surgery: a case report.
- Malsy M1, Leberle R2, Ehehalt K3, Sinner B4, Hobbhahn J5.
- BMC research notes.BMC Res Notes.2015 Apr 1;8:117. doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1060-9.
- PMID 25890020
- Interest of corrective makeup in the management of patients in dermatology.
- Seité S1, Deshayes P, Dréno B, Misery L, Reygagne P, Saiag P, Stengel F, Roguedas-Contios A, Rougier A.
- Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol.2012;5:123-8. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S33172. Epub 2012 Sep 7.
- PMID 23055760
- Occupational contact dermatitis with rhinoconjunctivitis due to Tilia cordata and colophonium exposure in a cosmetician.
- Krakowiak A1, Krêcisz B, Pas-Wyroślak A, Dudek W, Kieć-Swierzyñska M, Pałczyñski C.
- Contact dermatitis.Contact Dermatitis.2004 Jul;51(1):34.
- PMID 15291831
Japanese Journal
- 近代日本コスメトロジーの普及と展開をめぐる一考察 : 美容家・藤波芙蓉の分析を通じて
- 鈴木 則子
- Cosmetology : Annual report of cosmetology 21, 128-131, 2013
- NAID 40019797967
- 高齢者の整容・美容ケアに関する看護・介護職員の意識
- 平川 仁尚,葛谷 雅文,加藤 利章 [他]
- ホスピスケアと在宅ケア 16(1), 10-15, 2008-04
- NAID 40016107832
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