contentment

　 　

WordNet

1. happiness with ones situation in life
2. a longing for something better than the present situation (同)discontent, discontentedness

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 満足
2. =discontent

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/16 17:22:46」(JST)

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For other uses, see Contentment (disambiguation).

Human Contentments (20th century), by Edgard Farasyn

Contentment is a mental or emotional state of satisfaction drawn from being at ease in one's situation, body and mind. Colloquially speaking, contentment is a state of having accepted one's situation and is a form of happiness. Michael C. Graham writes extensively about contentment as a form of happiness.

Contentment and the pursuit of contentment are a central thread through many philosophical or religious schools across diverse cultures, times and geographies. Siddharta said "Peace comes from within. Do not seek it without." John Stuart Mill, centuries later, would write "I have learned to seek my happiness by limiting my desires, rather than in attempting to satisfy them." Marcus Aurelius wrote "Live with the gods. And he who does so constantly shows them that his soul is satisfied with what is assigned to them." Hebrews 13:5 reads "Keep your lives free from the love of money and be content with what you have, because God has said, 'Never will I leave you; never will I forsake you.'" Chinese philosopher Zhuang Zhou wrote in the 3rd Century BCE "A gentleman who profoundly penetrates all things and is in harmony with their transformations will be contented with whatever time may bring. He follows the course of nature in whatever situation he may be.”

The literature seems to generally agree that contentment is a state ideally reached through being happy with what a person has, as opposed to achieving one's larger ambitions, as Socrates described by saying "He who is not contented with what he has, would not be contented with what he would like to have." That said, there are a number of elements of achievement that may make finding a state of personal contemned easier: a strong family unit, a strong local community, and satisfaction of life's basic needs as expressed in Maslow's hirarchy of needs. In general, the more needs in Maslow's hierarchy are achieved, the more easily one might achieve contentment -- it is hard to imagine achieving contentment if one's physiological needs for caloric sustenance are unmet.

General

Many religions have some form of eternal bliss or heaven as their apparent goal often contrasted with eternal torment or dissatisfaction.

The source of all mentally-created dissatisfaction appears to stem from the ability to compare and contrast experiences and then inferring thereby that one's life state is less than ideal.

In the Bible there is an intriguing allegorical account that man's fall from his paradisal state was caused by man eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Man's eyes were "opened" to know the distinction between good and evil (Genesis 3:5).

In other words when man becomes intellectually developed to distinguish between good and bad, he realizes that is a gap between what he considers good or ideal and what he is experiencing. The perception of this disparity is what creates psychological and physiological tension.

When this tension becomes exaggerated - contributed in no small way by either the proper or deviant pursuit of the good - stress and hence unhappiness is the result. Contentment which is the childlike innate state of the human consciousness is thus relegated to the background.

Interestingly in the Tao Te Ching this development of man from his primal state of consciousness called Tao is similarly expounded in this manner: "When the Tao is lost, there is goodness. When goodness is lost, there is morality ...". Morality as we know is the intellectual discernment between good and evil.

There is therefore a belief that one can achieved Contentment by living "in the moment" which represents a way to stop the judgemental process of discriminating between good and bad.

However in practice attempting to live in the moment is difficult because a person's attention is not only distracted by sensory stimuli but also psychological processes that conspire to make him think subconsciously or consciously.

And this thinking process is always involved with memories. Hence the attempt to staying put with the present is a ponderous one given that there is always this subconscious struggle to break away from memories especially unhappy ones.

For this reason, specialization of this pursuit to live in the moment are found in many religions and manifested in forms of meditation and prayer to get in touch with the innermost being-ness and hence Contentment.

A more practical way for most people would be to simply practice Contentment as an attitude: Just be contented. It might be added that being grateful for the good things - to count one's blessings - is perhaps a more reasonable way to understand what Contentment as an attitude is about.

Practicing Contentment as such does away with the need for other concepts - be it arguments about why one is unhappy and various practices to achieve contentment. Seen in this light, Contentment is not an achievement but an attitude that one can adopt at any time.

Of course it must be remembered that even this attitude does not obliterate the need for one to keep improving on outer circumstances. It is just that we need to see them as separate dimensions in living - one is about attitude and the other is about achieving.

The American philosopher, Robert Bruce Raup wrote a book Complacency:The Foundation of Human Behavior (1925) in which he claimed that the human need for complacency (i.e. inner tranquility) was the hidden spring of human behavior. Dr. Raup made this the basis of his pedagogical theory, which he later used in his severe criticisms of the American Education system of the 1930s.

However in the context of present-day society perhaps the multidimensional Leisure Culture evinces in a very significant way the desire of man to return to his core state of Contentment by letting go of his hectic outer activities. This will be further elucidated below.

Exploring The Idea of Contentment Through the Lens of Positive Psychology:

In many ways, Contentment, which can be defined as the state of being satisfied, can be closely associated with the concept of happiness.

In Positive Psychology social scientists study what might contribute to living a good life, or what would lead to people having increased positive mood and overall satisfaction with their life.

Happiness, in Positive Psychology, is defined in a twofold manner, which in totality is referred to as Subjective Well-Being. How much positive emotion (Positive Affect) as opposed to negative emotion (Negative Affect) does a person have, and how does one view one's life overall(global satisfaction) are the questions asked in Positive Psychology to determine Happiness. Maybe Contentment could be more associated or closely related to a person's level of satisfaction with his/her life (global satisfaction), but nevertheless the idea of Contentment is certainly intertwined in the concept of what makes people happy.

Positive Psychology finds it very important to study what contributes to people being happy and to people flourishing, and finds it just as important to focus on the constructive ways in which people function and adapt, as opposed to the general field of psychology which focuses more on what goes wrong or is pathological with human beings.

Variables that Contribute to Happiness in the Research:

Satisficer vs. Maximizer

These are two concepts that define the ways in which people make choices. A Satisficer is a person who will make a decision once his/her criteria is met, and a Maximizer, on the other hand, won't make a decision until every possible option is explored. It might be intuitive to see how the research has shown that being a Satisficer is positively associated with happiness, and being a Maximizer is negatively associated with happiness.

Genes and Happiness

This may be a harsh reality for some to accept, but just as a 'depressive brain' can be inherited, there is a strong relationship between happiness and genes (or the happy brain, if you will). Happiness is 50% heritable. There is a genetic set point that each person has inherited and although people may fluctuate from that set point, based on negative experiences that they may encounter, they will come back to that level of happiness that they were genetically predisposed to having.

Personality and Happiness

Through factor analysis, personality has been narrowed down to the theory called the Big Five Factor, which are these five aspects of heritable personality traits: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Research has shown that personality is 50% heritable. There are two aspects of personality which are related to happiness. There is a strong relationship between Extraversion and happiness, in that the more extraverted a person is (or behaves in fact) the more happy he/she will be. The other aspect of personality which has a strong relationship to happiness is the genetic predisposition to Neuroticism. The more neurotic (emotionally unstable) a person is, the more likely he/she is to be unhappy.

Goal Pursuits and Happiness

Reaching goals that are important to you and that are in alignment with your personality, can contribute to your feelings of confidence and mastery. It is important to establish goals that are neither too easy or too hard, but that are optimally challenging. It is also important to note that investing energy in avoiding goals will contribute to diminishing happiness as well as deter one from reaching one's goals, which can be quite intuitive to understand.

Money and Happiness

Many people strongly associate money with happiness, and they believe that being rich will contribute greatly to making them happier, and we see that this idea is increasing as the American society reflects this growing materialism. Although wealth is associated with some positive outcomes, i.e.,lighter prison sentences for the same crime, better health, and lower infant mortality, and can act as a buffer in certain instances, as mentioned previously, the overall relationship between money and happiness is marginal.

That is that, beyond a low threshold where the basic needs are met, money has a very small impact on happiness. There is also the concept of the Diminishing Marginal Utility of Income(DMUI), which is that money has no effect on happiness once a certain income level has been reached, and which represents wealth and happiness as having a curvilinear relationship.

Indeed when one has met his basic needs and have more to spare, it is time to spend or give some to experience happiness. This is because happiness is really a state of in-and-out flow of one's energy. Attempt to just hoard more and more in the belief that it brings more happiness can lead to the opposite result if only because the means - that is the pursuit of money for happiness - has unwittingly become the ends.

Leisure and Happiness

The concept of work-life balance is now well accepted. At the same time it must be noted that the 'life' aspect of this 'work-life' concept includes activities devoted to one's personal life which sometimes calls for the kind of commitment and effort no less than that demanded from one's work-life.

In some societies this 'life' aspect might include looking after the elderly infirm, sending children to and from schools, preparing the meals, cleaning the house and doing the laundry. They are as much work as the work life. And in the midst of all these the need for leisure activities is simply an alien concept.

Leisure as a culture is not a universal societal value although the younger generation in developed or near-developed societies seems more inclined toward it. Overseas trips, lounging in a cafe with friends, attending concerts, relaxing in a spa, karaoke-ing and similar activities after office hours are now prevalent among that generation. In fact over the last 15 years the market has seen a tremendous surge in demand for such leisure services.

This trend might look like an offshoot of a more affluent society; however the need for leisure is in fact intrinsic in humans and only through the demands of modern economic life - run as it were by the clock, timetables, deadlines and schedules - did this need fade into the background.

Man's need for leisure is intrinsic simply because that's the state he was born with or rather that is the state of life in the natural world. Leisure implies that one is not pressured by others or oneself to deliver a certain result but that life is lived to enjoy the simple pleasures of exploring the world that one is born into.

This happy state of life is that generally experienced by the pre-school child and is gradually lost when duties and responsibilities of school life and subsequently the adult work-life enter into the picture.

Not all societies have embraced the leisure culture officially even when they have attained a certain level of affluence. The tradition of the survival-driven lifestyle continues to influence the older generation in certain developed societies such that the thought of retirement is still dreaded by some in the belief that it will quickly lead to boredom and senility. For this reason some elderly people way beyond their official retirement age insist on working.

There is some grounds for this kind of thinking given that their societies have not come to terms with leisure as a legitimate lifestyle - let alone recognize it as a major contributor to a growing business sector. For this reason these societies do not have in place an infrastructure that strongly supports the leisure culture - such as represented by a universal social welfare system and rich amenities for retirees to enjoy their old age. Such societies even if they were to become more affluent may continue to find happiness elusive among their people.

Leisure is intrinsically sought after by all as a way to release the tensions and stresses of work-life. It is often used to indulge in play - as is witnessed by how constantly obsessed nowadays people are with surfing the Internet, movies and games through their smartphones. There is no doubt that these are enjoyable activities.

But leisure also allows people - without the need of any modern gadgets - to re-connect with family and friends and experience the happiness arising from that interaction such as chatting over a drink or meal.

Health and Happiness

Historically major Eastern mystical teachings on human development like those from India and China do not make a separation between the spiritual and physical. Happiness or Contentment was never viewed as an isolated state from physical health. Physical health-enhancing practices such as Hatha Yoga and Qigong/Kungfu - and their respective herbalism known as Ayurveda and TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) - were consonant with and fully integrated into those mystical teachings in the implicit belief that the attainment of the ideal state of consciousness requires a healthy body as a launchpad or basis even.

Personal development and health in these systems are understood more as a holistic development of the various aspects of the multidimensional human being.

The concept of body and mind interplay (including relationship factor) now known as psychosomatic medicine had always been part and parcel of the so-called mystical teachings particularly in TCM. An unhappy angry patient may be told by a TCM physician that there is a lot of trapped heat in her internal organs and then treated accordingly with herbs or acupuncture. At times if the TCM physician is a Qigong practitioner which is not uncommon, he may even recommend some Qigong exercises for the patient to practise.

However given that adepts in such complex holistic analysis and treatment are hard to come by, Eastern health maintenance practices may not necessarily be always adequate, reliable or even safe. Mainstream Western medicine and a good personal knowledge into the common health issues and how to treat them safely at home should also be included in the total package to ensure good health so that the human body can be fit vehicle for optimal and positive performance - the foundation of happiness.

Outer success and material possession are secondary when health is compromised. One cannot be happy or contented when the body is broken, this is almost commonsensical, although there are rare exceptional individuals who are able to rise above their physical predicament. However for the vast majority having a good knowledge and an effective protocol for personal health is critical to happiness not just to oneself but also to one's family and friends.

Laughter and Happiness

Laughter is synonymous with happiness. A proposal is made here that when a line of thought (e.g. joke) or sensation (e.g. tickling) is not expected by one's psychological or physiological order respectively, it triggers a certain chaos and temporary breakdown of that order. The innate Contentment intrinsic to the person then breaks through this temporal breach to express itself in happy laughter.

Laughter in fact has been used as a health therapy for many years such as in some hospitals through the showing of TV comedies for patients. Laughter clubs have also been formed in India and some Asian countries to promote laughter as a form of health-enhancement through regular meet-ups.

The global market for funny cartoons in the daily papers is a testament to humanity search for happiness delivered via laughter. However good jokes in such publications are unfortunately far less common.

Happiness or Contentment resulting from a series of good laughs can make a qualitative difference in one's life. It is just that people usually do not make a habit of making it a daily diet.

Universal Social Welfare and Happiness

Hitherto we have been exploring Happiness or Contentment based on the individual. The Nordic nations which have repeatedly been coming up tops in Happiness Index surveys - and surprisingly but most likely correlated economic performance as well - show the world that happiness is rooted critically in their welfare system which not only fulfills the healthcare, social and other essential needs of their people but also provides a high sense of security to them.

Societies should explore human happiness with this larger societal perspective, considering the need for the implementation of a collective shared risk in the form of universal social welfare. This is especially so when supporting traditional family structures for individuals are increasingly breaking down in developed societies.

Judaism

Some of the earliest references to the state of contentment are found in the reference to the midah (personal attribute) of Samayach B’Chelko. The expression comes from the word samayach (root Sin-Mem-Chet) meaning "happiness, joy or contentment", and chelko (root Chet-Lamed-Kuf) meaning "portion, lot, or piece", and combined mean contentment with one’s lot in life. The attribute is referred to in the Mishnahic source which says

“Ben Zoma said: Who is rich? Those who are happy with their portion.”

The origins of contentment in Jewish culture reflect an even older thinking reflected in the Book of Proverbs which says,

A joyful heart makes a cheerful face; A sad heart makes a despondent mood. All the days of a poor person are wretched, but contentment is a feast without end.

The issue of contentment remained in Jewish thinking during the Middle Ages as evident for example in the writings of Solomon Ibn Gabirol, an eleventh-century Spanish poet-philosopher who taught,

Who seeks more than he needs, hinders himself from enjoying what he has. Seek what you need and give up what you need not. For in giving up what you don’t need, you’ll learn what you really do need.

Islam

In Islam, true contentment is achieved through establishing a relationship with Allah, always keeping Him in mind. The Quran states:

“ Truly, it is in the remembrance of Allah(God) that hearts can find contentment ”

—Quran - 13:29

This verse reveals that the more the people gain the trivial goods of this life, the greater becomes the hunger and the consequent burning of their heart. But as for those who seek God, the more they turn to Him, the greater is their peace of mind. This means that a search for the divine or a supreme Deity is inherent within human nature and the innermost yearning of a human being. The real and ultimate goal of a person's life.

In a well known Hadith (saying of the prophet Muhammad) the prophet said:

“ If the son of Adam (the human being) were given a valley full of riches, he would love to have a second one; and if he were given the second one, he would love to have a third, for nothing satisfies the belly of Adam's son except dust (of the grave). And Allah forgives he who repents (turns) to Him. ”

—Saheeh Bukhari-Vol 8:book76

Eastern religions

In Yoga (Yoga Sutras of Patanjali), movement or positions, breathing practices, and concentration, as well as the yamas and niyamas, can contribute to a physical state of contentment (santosha).

In a Buddhist sense, it is the freedom from anxiety, want, or need. Contentment is the goal behind all goals because once achieved there is nothing to seek until it is lost. A living system cannot maintain contentment for very long as complete balance and harmony of forces means death. Living systems are a complex dance of forces which find a stability far from balance. Any attainment of balance is quickly met by rising pain which ends the momentary experience of satisfaction or contentment achieved. Buddha's task was to find the solution to this never-ending descent into dissatisfaction or Dukkha. The Buddhist faith is based on the belief that he succeeded.

Sikhism

Contentment (or Sabar or Santokh) is important aspect in life of Sikh and is known as attainment of First Treasure. Sikhism categorize Contentment into two form: Contentment (Santokh) and True Contentment(Satt Santokh/Sabar). The Contentment can be broken turning soul greedy for Temporal world but True Contentment is never broken and such soul is eligible for Supreme State. The soul having contentment is called Saabari or Santokhi.

See also

• Comfort
• Deferred gratification
• Gratification
• Pleasure
• Happiness

Footnotes

References

• Borowitz, Eugene B. & Weinman Schwartz, Frances, The Jewish Moral Virtues, Jewish Publication Society, 1999
• Meir Leibush (Malbim), Rabbi, translated by Charles Wengrov and Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg, Malbim on Mishley: The Book of Proverbs in Hebrew & English, Feldheim, 2001
• Fohrman, David & Kasnett, Nesanel, Rabbis, editors, Babylonian Talmud Volume 3, Shabbat 32a, Volume I, ArtScroll / Mesorah, 1999

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Related Links

• Contentmentとは - goo Wikipedia (ウィキペディア)

Contentment is a mental or emotional state of satisfaction drawn from being at ease in one's situation, body and mind. Colloquially speaking, contentment is a state of having accepted one's situation and is a form of happiness.

• contentmentの意味 - 英和辞書 - 英語辞書 - goo辞書

contentmentとは。意味や和訳。[名][U]満足（すること），安堵(あんど), 心の安らぎ（⇔discontent）in perfect contentment満足しきってHappiness consists in contentment.幸福は足るを知ることにある. - goo英和辞書は14万項目以上を収録 ...

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