WordNet

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area (同)wood, woods
land that is covered with trees and shrubs (同)woodland, timberland, timber
situated at or toward the bow of a vessel
near or toward the bow of a ship or cockpit of a plane; "the captain went fore (or forward) to check the instruments" (同)forward
of or relating to or part of trees or shrubs bearing cones and evergreen leaves (同)cone-bearing
covered with forest; "efforts to protect forested lands of the northwest"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉(広い地域にわたる)『森林』,山林 / 〈C〉《通例単数形で》(…の)林《+『of』+『名』》
(乗り物の)前部の,前方の / 船首に,(へ) / 前部,前面
球果を結ぶ,松かさをつける

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/16 15:23:03」(JST)

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A temperate coniferous forest ecosystem in Petroglyphs Provincial Park, Ontario

Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest. In most temperate coniferous forests, evergreen conifers predominate, while some are a mix of conifers and broadleaf evergreen trees and/or broadleaf deciduous trees. Temperate evergreen forests are common in the coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy rainfall, or inland in drier climates or mountain areas. Coniferous forests can be found in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Many species of trees inhabit these forests including cedar, cypress, douglas-fir, fir, juniper, kauri, pine, podocarpus, spruce, redwood and yew. The understory also contains a wide variety of herbaceous and shrub species.

A pine forest is an example of a temperate coniferous forest

Structurally, these forests are rather simple, generally consisting of two layers: an overstory and understory. Some forests may support an intermediate layer of shrubs. Pine forests support an herbaceous understory that is generally dominated by grasses and herbaceous perennials, and are often subject to ecologically important wildfires.

Carpathian montane conifer forest, Slovakia

Temperate rain forests occur only in seven regions around the world: the Pacific temperate rain forests of the Pacific Northwest, the Valdivian temperate rain forests of southwestern South America, the rain forests of New Zealand and Tasmania, northwest Europe (small pockets in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Iceland and a somewhat larger area in Norway), southern Japan, and the eastern Black Sea-Caspian Sea region of Turkey and Georgia to northern Iran. The moist conditions of temperate rain forests generally support an understory of mosses, ferns and some shrubs. Temperate rain forests can be temperate coniferous forests or temperate broadleaf and mixed forests.

The temperate coniferous rain forests sustain the highest levels of biomass in any terrestrial ecosystem and are notable for trees of massive proportions, including Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis), Alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides) and Kauri (Agathis australis). These forests are quite rare, occurring in small areas of North America, southwestern South America and northern New Zealand. The Klamath-Siskiyou forests of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon is known for its rich variety of plant and animal species, including many endemic species.

References

Waring, Richard H. 2002. Temperate coniferous forest. Pages 560–565. In: Volume 2, The Earth system: biological and ecological dimensions of global environmental change. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester. (Accessed: April 18, 2012)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Coniferous forests

Temperate forest
WWF - Temperate Coniferous Forest Ecoregions
Temperate Coniferous Forest of Northwest California
Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Conifers

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Changes within a single land-use category alter microbial diversity and community structure: Molecular evidence from wood-inhabiting fungi in forest ecosystems.

Purahong W1, Hoppe B2, Kahl T3, Schloter M4, Schulze ED5, Bauhus J3, Buscot F6, Krüger D7.
Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2014 Jun 15;139:109-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.02.031. Epub 2014 Mar 27.
The impact of changes within a single land-use category or land-use intensity on microbial communities is poorly understood, especially with respect to fungi. Here we assessed how forest management regimes and a change in forest type affect the richness and community structure of wood-inhabiting fun
PMID 24681650

Changes in soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability under different land uses in the northeastern Turkey.

Kara O1, Baykara M.
Environmental monitoring and assessment.Environ Monit Assess.2014 Jun;186(6):3801-8. doi: 10.1007/s10661-014-3658-0. Epub 2014 Feb 8.
The characteristics of three neighboring soils from the NE of Turkey were evaluated in order to elucidate the effect of different land-use management on the soil aggregate stability and microbial biomass in Galyan-Atasu dam watershed. Three experimental sites corresponding to three land uses were se
PMID 24509838

Nitrogen-addition effects on leaf traits and photosynthetic carbon gain of boreal forest understory shrubs.

Palmroth S1, Holm Bach L, Nordin A, Palmqvist K.
Oecologia.Oecologia.2014 Jun;175(2):457-70. doi: 10.1007/s00442-014-2923-9. Epub 2014 Apr 6.
Boreal coniferous forests are characterized by fairly open canopies where understory vegetation is an important component of ecosystem C and N cycling. We used an ecophysiological approach to study the effects of N additions on uptake and partitioning of C and N in two dominant understory shrubs: de
PMID 24705693

Japanese Journal

Pattern of carbon allocation across three different stages of stand development of a Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) forest

Cao Jixin,Wang Xiaoping,Tian Yun 他
Ecological research 27(5), 883-892, 2012-09-00
NAID 40019423492

Functional Consequences of Differences in Canopy Phenology for the Carbon Budgets of Two Cool-Temperate Forest Types : Simulations Using the NCAR/LSM Model and Validation Using Tower Flux and Biometric Data

Saitoh Taku M.,Nagai Shin,Yoshino Jun,Muraoka Hiroyuki,Saigusa Nobuko,Tamagawa Ichiro
Eurasian Journal of Forest
… We quantified the sensitivity of estimated carbon budgets in Japanese evergreen coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forests using NCAR/LSM simulations under two climatic conditions: the relatively warm end of the cool-temperate zone (i.e., 800 m a.s.l., annual average temperature of 9.4℃, annual average precipitation of 1700 mm), and the relatively cold end of this zone (i.e., 1420 m a.s.l., 7.2℃, and 2400 mm). …
NAID 120004608989

Critical Loads of Lead and Cadmium for Different Type of Forest and Aquatic Ecosystems at the Petrohan LTER Site, Bulgaria

Ignatova Nadka,Fikova Radka,Damyanova Sonya,Bratanova-Doncheva Svetla
Eurasian Journal of Forest
… The current study was designed to determine the critical loads of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) for two types of vegetation (broadleaves and coniferous) and freshwaters (stream water and reservoir), in order to evaluate the effect of Cd and Pb deposition on investigated ecosystems by comparative simultaneous study at a mountainous LTER site in Bulgaria. … Bulk precipitation and throughfall chemistry were monitored during the period 2005-2010 at two forest stands (Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies). …
NAID 120004608987