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flowing together (同)merging

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/25 08:47:59」(JST)

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Confluence of rivers, the Mosel flows into the Rhine at Koblenz. The name "Koblenz" itself has its origin in the Latin name "Confluentes"

Confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda Rivers to produce the Ganges at Devprayag, India. Note the swirl of sediment from the Alaknanda.

Confluence of the Danube (light blue) and the Morava (dark blue) in Devín on the border between Austria and Slovakia.

Confluence of canals

This simplified diagram shows how a section of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans also serves as the channel for the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal. At the bottom, a portion of the Intracoastal is also shown to be "confluent" with the Mississippi River.

The confluence of the Rio Negro (black) and the Rio Solimões (turbid) near Manaus, Brazil.

In geography, a confluence is the meeting of two or more bodies of water. Also known as a conflux,^[1] it refers either to the point where a tributary joins a larger river, called the main stem, or where two streams meet to become the source of a river of a new name, such as the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania creating the Ohio River.

The term is also used to describe the meeting of tidal or other non-riverine bodies of water, such as two canals^[2] or a canal and a lake.^[3] A one-mile (1.6 km) portion of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans accommodates the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal; therefore those three waterways are confluent there.

Notable confluences

Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada is at the confluence of the Niagara River and Lake Ontario.
The junction of the Green River and Colorado River forms the heart of Canyonlands National Park in Utah's Canyon Country.
The Sangam, near Allahabad, India, where the sacred rivers Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati meet to create one of the holiest places in Hinduism.
The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The Madison, Jefferson and Gallatin Rivers in Three Forks, Montana form the confluence of the Missouri River, one of the longest rivers in the United States (2,341 miles (3,767 km)).
Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, is at the confluence of the Gombak River (previously known as Sungai Lumpur, which means muddy river) and the Klang River.
Passau known also as the Dreiflüssestadt (City of Three Rivers), because the Danube River is joined there by the Inn River from the South, and the Ilz River coming out of the Bavarian Forest to the North.
Manaus, Brazil is on the Rio Negro near its confluence with the Amazon (see Meeting of Waters). It is the chief port and a hub for the region's extensive river system.
Osijek, Croatia, is on the right bank of the river Drava 25 km upstream of its confluence with the Danube.
Belgrade, the capital of Serbia lies at the confluence of the Sava and Danube Rivers.
The Hochelaga Archipelago, including the island and city of Montreal, is located at the confluence of the St. Lawrence River and Ottawa River in Quebec, Canada.
The two largest rivers in Australia, the Darling and the Murray converge at Wentworth, New South Wales
Rovaniemi, the capital of Finnish Lapland and one of the largest towns above the Arctic Circle, is at the confluence of rivers Ounasjoki and Kemijoki.
Winnipeg, Canada, is at the confluence of the Red River, and the Assiniboine River. The area is referred to as The Forks by locals, and has been an important trade location for over 6000 years.
The confluence of the rivers Danube and Morava in Devín on the border between Slovakia and Austria.
Triangle of Three Emperors, former tripoint in Europe.
Cairo, Illinois, in the United States, where the Ohio River flows into the Mississippi River.
St. Louis, Missouri, is built just south of the confluence of the Mississippi River and the Missouri River.
Lyon, France is located on the confluence of the Saône and Rhone rivers.
The confluence between the Franklin River and Gordon River in south-western Tasmania
The confluence of the Snake and Columbia River at the Tri-Cities of Washington.
The confluence of the rivers Pivka and Rak is one of the largest subterranean confluences in Europe.^[4]
The confluence at Lokoja, Nigeria, where the Niger and Benue rivers merge.
The Sudanese capital of Khartoum, located at the confluence of the White Nile and the Blue Nile. This merging point is the beginning of the Nile.
Columbus, Ohio, in the United States is at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers.
Luang Prabang in Laos is at the confluence of the Mekong and Nam Khan rivers.
River Kabul and River Swat at Attock, in Pakistan.
82 km north of Al-Basra in Iraq, at the town of Al-Qurnah is the confluence of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates forming Shatt al-Arab.
Portland Oregon is at the confluence of the Columbia River and the Willamette River.
Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine is located (and named after) on the confluence of the Saksahan and Inhulets River.

References

^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conflux
^ The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers refers to the confluence of the Assawoman Canal with the Bethany Loop Canal in Delaware. See: "CENAP-OP-R-Quarterly Report, 2004-05-12". Philadelphia Engineer District. Retrieved 2006-03-11.
^ Engineers in New Orleans refer to the confluence of the 17th Street Canal and Lake Pontchartrain. See: "Interim Closure Structure at 17th St. Canal". Task Force Guardian. Archived from the original on 2006-06-25. Retrieved 2006-03-11.
^ Kogovšek, Janja; Petrič, Metka; Zupan Hajna, Nadja; Pipan, Tanja. "Planinska jama" [Planina Cave]. In Šmid Hribar, Mateja; Golež, Gregor; Podjed, Dan; Kladnik, Drago; Erhartič, Bojan; Pavlin, Primož; Ines, Jerele. Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] (in Slovene). Retrieved 17 May 2012.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Performance of enzymatic fuel cell in cell culture.

Lamberg P1, Shleev S2, Ludwig R3, Arnebrant T4, Ruzgas T4.Author information 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden. Electronic address: peter.lamberg@mah.se.2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; Laboratory of Chemical Enzymology, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia.3Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden.AbstractHere we present the very first study of an enzymatic fuel cell (EFC) in a cell culture. An EFC with Corynascus thermophilus cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) based bioanode and Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (BOx) based biocathode was constructed at the bottom of a medusa cell culture plate. The constructed EFC had a power density of up to 25 μW cm(-2) at 0.5 V potential in simple buffer solution and in cell culturing medium. L929 murine fibroblast cells were seeded on top of the EFC and possible effects of the EFC on the cells and vice versa were studied. It was shown that on average the power of the EFC drops by about 70% under a nearly confluent layer of cells. The EFC appeared to have a toxic effect on the L929 cell line. It was concluded that the bioanode, consisting of CDH, produced hydrogen peroxide at toxic concentrations. However, the toxic effect was circumvented by co-immobilizing catalase on the bioanode.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 May 15;55:168-73. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.013. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
Here we present the very first study of an enzymatic fuel cell (EFC) in a cell culture. An EFC with Corynascus thermophilus cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) based bioanode and Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (BOx) based biocathode was constructed at the bottom of a medusa cell culture plate.
PMID 24374299

Differential transcytosis and toxicity of the hNGAL receptor ligands cadmium-metallothionein and cadmium-phytochelatin in colon-like Caco-2 cells: Implications for in vivo cadmium toxicity.

Langelueddecke C1, Lee WK1, Thévenod F2.Author information 1Chair of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Toxicology, ZBAF & Faculty of Health, Department of Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.2Chair of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Toxicology, ZBAF & Faculty of Health, Department of Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany. Electronic address: frank.thevenod@uni-wh.de.AbstractThe environmental toxicant cadmium (Cd) enters the food chain. A substantial proportion of Cd in nutrients of plant origin is present as Cd-metallothionein (CdMT) and Cd-phytochelatin (CdPC) complexes, which may be absorbed and transcytosed intact by colonic enterocytes following bacterial fermentation and contribute to systemic Cd toxicity, e.g. in liver and kidneys. We have recently demonstrated that the receptor for human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (hNGAL) is expressed in human colon and colon-like Caco-2 BBE cells where it mediates transcytosis of MT and PC. Here we show in colon-like Caco-2 BBE cells that hNGAL receptor (hNGAL-R) dependent toxicity is significantly higher with CdMT than with CdPC3 (2.5-50μM Cd(2+) complexed to MT or PC3 for ≤24h), using MTT assay. Fluorescence-labelled A546-MT, but not A488-PC3 (both 700nM), co-localizes with the lysosomal marker cathepsin-B, as determined by confocal microscopy. In transwell experiments with confluent monolayers, transcytosis efficiency (i.e. the ratio of basal delivery to apical decrease) of A546-MT is decreased compared to A488-PC3 (both 700nM). The tubulin polymerization disruptor nocodazole (16.7μM) almost abolished CdMT and CdPC3 toxicity, reduced apical uptake of both A546-MT and A488-PC3, but increased transcytosis efficiency of A546-MT compared to that of A488-PC3 by preventing trafficking of A546-MT to lysosomes. Hence, following hNGAL-R dependent endocytosis of CdMT/CdPC3 in colonic epithelia, a nocodazole-sensitive trafficking pathway may preferentially target CdMT, but not CdPC3, to lysosomes, causing increased colonic epithelial toxicity but reduced systemic toxicity.
Toxicology letters.Toxicol Lett.2014 Apr 21;226(2):228-35. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.049. Epub 2014 Feb 8.
The environmental toxicant cadmium (Cd) enters the food chain. A substantial proportion of Cd in nutrients of plant origin is present as Cd-metallothionein (CdMT) and Cd-phytochelatin (CdPC) complexes, which may be absorbed and transcytosed intact by colonic enterocytes following bacterial fermentat
PMID 24518829

Development of the EUCAST disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing method and its implementation in routine microbiology laboratories.

Matuschek E1, Brown DF, Kahlmeter G.Author information 1EUCAST Laboratory for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Växjö, Sweden.AbstractWith the support of ESCMID and European countries, EUCAST has developed a disk diffusion test with zone diameter breakpoints correlated with the EUCAST clinical MIC breakpoints. The development of the EUCAST disk diffusion method and quality control criteria are described, together with guidance on quality control and implementation of the method in clinical microbiology laboratories. The method includes the use of Mueller-Hinton agar without supplements for non-fastidious organisms and with 5% mechanically defibrinated horse blood and 20 mg/L β-NAD for fastidious organisms, a standardized inoculum resulting in confluent growth, an incubation time of 16-20 h, a reading guide on how to read zone diameters on individual species-agent combinations and zone diameter breakpoints calibrated to the EUCAST clinical MIC breakpoints. EUCAST recommendations are described in detail and updated regularly on the EUCAST website (http://www.eucast.org).
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.Clin Microbiol Infect.2014 Apr;20(4):O255-66. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12373. Epub 2013 Oct 17.
With the support of ESCMID and European countries, EUCAST has developed a disk diffusion test with zone diameter breakpoints correlated with the EUCAST clinical MIC breakpoints. The development of the EUCAST disk diffusion method and quality control criteria are described, together with guidance on
PMID 24131428