conflate

　

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/08 14:00:36」(JST)

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For other uses, see Conflation (disambiguation).

Flag of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, a heraldic emblem which displays conflated or "con-joined" images.

Conflation happens when the identities of two or more individuals, concepts, or places, sharing some characteristics of one another, seem to be a single identity, and the differences appear to become lost. In logic, it is the practice of treating two distinct concepts as if they were one, which produces errors or misunderstandings as a fusion of distinct subjects tends to obscure analysis of relationships which are emphasized by contrasts. However, if the distinctions between the two concepts appear to be superficial, intentional conflation may be desirable for the sake of conciseness and recall.

Communication and reasoning

The result of conflating concepts may give rise to fallacies of ambiguity, including the fallacy of four terms in a categorical syllogism. For example, the word "bat" has at least two distinct meanings: a flying animal, and a piece of sporting equipment (such as a baseball bat or cricket bat). If these meanings are not distinguished, the result may be the following categorical syllogism, which may be seen as a joke (pun):

1. All bats are animals.
2. Some wooden objects are bats.
3. Therefore, some wooden objects are animals.

Conventional conflation

The international press features recurring news stories about the G8, which refers to a "group of eight" composed of nine members. The initial "Group of Six" has been conflated with the subsequent "Group of Seven" and today's "Group of Eight".

The 34th G8 Summit at Toyako, Japan (2008).

While it may be obvious that the G7 and the G6 were explicitly distinguishable in 1976, and the G8 and the G7 were readily differentiated in 1998, something unforeseen happened in the years since then. The 2008 summit of G8 leaders held in Hokkaido, Japan was identified as the "34th G8 summit" and the "35th G8 summit" in Italy as well as the "36th G8 summit" in Canada were also widely reported in the international press and elsewhere. These ordinal numbers imply a process of counting backwards through the years, which requires conflating the G6 and the G7 and the G8, deliberately ignoring that each of the terms refer to distinct and different amalgamations.

G6 members, 1975

• United States
• United Kingdom
• France
• Italy
• Japan
• West Germany

G7 members, since 1977

• United States
• United Kingdom
• France
• Italy
• Japan
• West Germany
• European Union, since 1993^‡
• Canada, since 1976

G8 members, since 1997

• United States
• United Kingdom
• France
• Italy
• Japan
• Germany
• European Union
• Canada
• Russia, since 1997

^‡ European Communities (EC) were reformed into the European Union (EU) as the Maastricht Treaty came into effect in November 1993.

Logical conflation

Using words with different meanings can help clarify, or can cause real confusion. English words with multiple (verb) meanings can be illustrated by instances in which a motion is merged with or a causation with manner, e.g. The bride floated towards her future. In this example, the bride may: Be married on a boat, airplane, or hot-air balloon, etc. —-not all marriages occur in a church. She could be gracefully walking the aisle towards matrimony. The verb "float" has multiple meanings, and both verb meanings in the example may be proper uses of a bride "floating" toward a future. The "manner" of the scene, described by further context, would explain the true meaning of the sentence.

In an alternate illustrative example, respect is used both in the sense of "recognise a right" and "have high regard for". We can recognise someone's right to the opinion the United Nations is secretly controlled by alien lizards on the moon, without holding this idea in high regard. But conflation of these two different concepts leads to the notion that all ideological ideas, should be treated with respect, rather than just the right to hold these ideas. Conflation in logical terms is very similar to, if not identical to, equivocation.

Deliberate Idiom conflation is the amalgamation of two different expressions. In most cases, the combination results in a new expression that makes little sense literally, but clearly expresses an idea because it references well-known idioms.

Types

All conflations fit into one of two major categories: "congruent" conflations and "incongruent" conflations.

Congruent conflations

Congruent conflations are the more ideal, and more sought-after, examples of the concept. These occur when the two root expressions reflect similar thoughts. For example, "look who's calling the kettle black" can be formed using the root expressions "look who's talking" and "the pot calling the kettle black". These root expressions really mean the same thing: they are both a friendly way to point out hypocritical behavior. Of course, "look who's calling the kettle black" does not directly imply anything, yet the implication is understood because the conflation clearly refers to two known idioms.

An illustrative conflation brings together two Roman Catholic saints named Lazarus. One, a lame beggar covered with sores which dogs are licking, appears in the New Testament (Luke 16:19–31). The other, Lazarus of Bethany, is identified as the man whom Jesus raised from the dead (John 11:41–44). The beggar's Feast Day is June 21, and Lazarus of Bethany's day is December 17. However; both saints are depicted with crutches; and the blessing of dogs, associated with the beggar saint; usually takes place on December 17, the date associated with the resurrected Lazarus. The two characters' identities have become conflated in most cultural contexts, including the iconography of both saints.

Incongruent conflations

Incongruent conflation occurs when the root expressions do not mean the same thing, but share a common word or theme. For example, "a bull in a candy store" can be formed from the root expressions "a kid in a candy store" and "a bull in a china shop". The former root expression paints a picture of someone who is extraordinarily happy and excited, whereas the latter root brings to mind the image of a person who is extremely clumsy, indelicate, not suited to a certain environment, prone to act recklessly, or easily provoked. The conflation expresses both of these ideas at the same time. Without context, the speaker's intention is not entirely clear.

An illustrative conflation seems to merge disparate figures as in Santería. St. Lazarus is conflated with the Yoruba deity Babalu Aye, and celebrated on December 17, despite Santería's reliance on the iconography associated with the begging saint whose Feast Day is June 21. By blending the identity of the two conflated St. Lazarus individuals with the identity of the Babalu Aye, Santería has gone one step further than the conflation within Catholicism, to become the kind of religious conflation known as syncretism, in which deities or concepts from two different faiths are conflated to form a third.

Humorous conflations

Idiom conflation has been used as a source of humor in certain situations. For example, the Mexican character El Chapulín Colorado once said

"Mas vale pájaro en mano que dios lo ayudará...no, no...Dios ayuda al que vuela como pájaro...no... bueno, la idea es esa."

meaning

"A bird in the hand will get the worm...no, wait...The early bird is worth two in the bush...no... well, that's the idea."

by combining two popular expressions:

• "Más vale pájaro en mano que cientos volando" ("A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.")
• "Al que madruga Dios lo ayuda" ("The early bird gets the worm.")

This was typical of the character, and he did it with several other expressions over the course of his comedy routine.

In popular culture, identities are sometimes intentionally conflated. In the early 2000s, the popular American actors Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez were dating, and the tabloid press referred to them playfully as a third entity, Bennifer.

Taxonomic conflation

In taxonomies, a conflative term is always a polyseme.

See also

• Amalgamation (names)
• Essentialism
• Portmanteau
• Skunked term
• Stemming algorithm
• Syncretism

Notes

References

• Alexiadou, Artemus. (2002). Theoretical Approaches to Universals. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-2770-6; OCLC 49386229
• Haught, John F. (1995). Science and Religion: From Conflict to Conversation. New York: Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-3606-3; OCLC 32779780
• Malone, Joseph L. (1988). The Science of Linguistics in the Art of Translation: Some Tools from Linguistics for the Analysis and Practice of Translation. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-653-5; OCLC 15856738

External links

• Conflations

English Journal

• On the way to language: event segmentation in homesign and gesture.

• Ozyürek A1, Furman R2, Goldin-Meadow S3.Author information 1Radboud University Nijmegen and Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, the Netherlands.2University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.3University of Chicago, USA.AbstractABSTRACT Languages typically express semantic components of motion events such as manner (roll) and path (down) in separate lexical items. We explore how these combinatorial possibilities of language arise by focusing on (i) gestures produced by deaf children who lack access to input from a conventional language (homesign); (ii) gestures produced by hearing adults and children while speaking; and (iii) gestures used by hearing adults without speech when asked to do so in elicited descriptions of motion events with simultaneous manner and path. Homesigners tended to conflate manner and path in one gesture, but also used a mixed form, adding a manner and/or path gesture to the conflated form sequentially. Hearing speakers, with or without speech, used the conflated form, gestured manner, or path, but rarely used the mixed form. Mixed form may serve as an intermediate structure on the way to the discrete and sequenced forms found in natural languages.
• Journal of child language.J Child Lang.2014 Mar 20:1-31. [Epub ahead of print]
• ABSTRACT Languages typically express semantic components of motion events such as manner (roll) and path (down) in separate lexical items. We explore how these combinatorial possibilities of language arise by focusing on (i) gestures produced by deaf children who lack access to input from a conventi
• PMID 24650738

• Morning-evening differences in response to exhaustive severe-intensity exercise.

• Hill DW.Author information Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, 1155 Union Circle #310769, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.AbstractThe aim was to investigate the effect of time of day on 4 variables that are related to sport performance. Twenty healthy young men (mean ± SD: 22 ± 3 years, 1.78 ± 0.08 m, 72.0 ± 7.0 kg) performed exhaustive severe-intensity cycle ergometer tests at 278 ± 35 W (3.8 ± 0.4 W·kg(-1)) in the morning (between 0630 h and 0930 h) and in the evening (between 1700 h and 2000 h). Despite that gross efficiency was lower in the evening (estimated oxygen demand was 6% higher, P < 0.05), time to exhaustion was 20% greater (P < 0.01) in the evening (329 ± 35 s) than in the morning (275 ± 29 s). Performance in the evening was associated with a 4% higher (P < 0.01) maximal oxygen uptake (54 ± 7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1) vs. 52 ± 6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), for the evening and the morning, respectively) and a 7% higher (P < 0.01) anaerobic capacity (as reflected by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit: 75 ± 9 mL·kg(-1) vs. 70 ± 7 mL·kg(-1), for the evening and the morning, respectively). In addition, oxygen uptake kinetics was faster in the evening, which resulted in slower utilization of the anaerobic reserves. It is concluded that modest morning-evening differences in maximal oxygen uptake, anaerobic capacity, and oxygen uptake kinetics conflate to produce a markedly longer performance in the evening than in the morning. Time of day must be considered for exercise testing and perhaps for exercise training.
• Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquée, nutrition et métabolisme.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab.2014 Feb;39(2):248-54. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0140. Epub 2013 Sep 13.
• The aim was to investigate the effect of time of day on 4 variables that are related to sport performance. Twenty healthy young men (mean ± SD: 22 ± 3 years, 1.78 ± 0.08 m, 72.0 ± 7.0 kg) performed exhaustive severe-intensity cycle ergometer tests at 278 ± 35 W (3.8 ± 0.4 W·kg(-1)) in the mor
• PMID 24476482

• "Judging a body by its cover": young Lebanese-Canadian women's discursive constructions of the "healthy" body and "health" practices.

• Abou-Rizk Z1, Rail G.Author information 1Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, 35 Université, Room 031, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada, zeina.abourizk@uottawa.ca.AbstractOur interest stems from the dramatic increase in the number of obesity studies, which expose Canadian women to a huge amount of information that links health to weight. Using feminist poststructuralist and postcolonial lenses, this paper investigates young Lebanese-Canadian women's constructions of the body and "health" practices within the context of the dominant obesity discourse. Participant-centered conversations were held with 20 young Christian Lebanese-Canadian women. A thematic analysis was first conducted and was followed by a poststructuralist discourse analysis to further our understanding of how the participants construct themselves as subjects within various discourses surrounding health, obesity, and the body. Our findings reveal that most participants conflate the "healthy" body and the "ideal" body, both of which they ultimately portray as thin. The young women construct the "healthy"/"ideal" body as a solely individual responsibility, thus reinforcing the idea of "docile bodies." The majority of participants report their frequent involvement in disciplinary practices such as rigorous physical activity and dietary restrictions, and a few young women mention the use of other extreme forms of bodily monitoring such as detoxes, dieting pills, and compulsive exercise. We discuss the language employed by participants to construct their multiple and shifting subjectivities. For instance, many of these Lebanese-Canadian women use the term "us" to dissociate themselves from Lebanese women ("them"), whom they portray as overly focused on thinness and beauty and engaged in physical activity and other bodily practices for "superficial" purposes. The participants also use the "us/them" trope to distance themselves from "Canadian" women (read: white Euro-Canadian women), whom they portray as very physically active for purposes beyond the improvement of the physical appearance of the body. We discuss the impacts of the young Christian Lebanese-Canadian women's hybrid cultural identities and diasporic spaces on their discursive constructions of the body and "health" practices. Finally, we examine the participants' fluid subject-positions: On one hand, they construct themselves as neoliberal subjects re-citing elements of dominant neoliberal discourses (self-responsibility for health, traditional femininity, and obesity) but, on the other hand, they at times construct themselves as "timid" poststructuralist subjects expressing awareness of, and "micro-resistance" to such discourses.
• Journal of immigrant and minority health / Center for Minority Public Health.J Immigr Minor Health.2014 Feb;16(1):150-64. doi: 10.1007/s10903-012-9757-5.
• Our interest stems from the dramatic increase in the number of obesity studies, which expose Canadian women to a huge amount of information that links health to weight. Using feminist poststructuralist and postcolonial lenses, this paper investigates young Lebanese-Canadian women's constructions of
• PMID 23340805

Japanese Journal

• Lexical Roots in the Double Object Construction

• 川崎 典子
• 東京女子大学紀要論集 60(2), 263-272, 2010-03
• … 本論文では、二重目的語構文が軽動詞vとその補部に現れるゼロ形述語HAVEからなり、この構文に現れる(give以外の)動詞は軽動詞vに融合conflateされたものという分析に立ち、さらに「Talmy 1985で報告された融合についてのゲルマン語とロマンス語の間の違いは統語範疇を同じくする要素の複合compoundingを広く許すかどうかという違いに還元できる」とするZubizarreta and Oh 2007の提案に基づいて、この構文に見られる語彙制限の …
• NAID 120002525493

• ソロモン諸島の「聖霊の教会」と憑依現象 : クリスチャン・フェローシップ教会における過去と現在

• 石森 大知
• 宗教と社会 (14), 3-22, 2008-06-14
• ソロモン諸島のクリスチャン・フェローシップ教会(CFC)は、イギリス植民地時代に主流派のメソジスト教会から分離を果たし、独自の社会宗教的な活動を展開してきた。その特徴として、聖霊憑依による宗教的熱狂があげられる。先行研究は、この憑依現象を伝統的信仰に一致するとみなしたうえで、CFCを「伝統の復興」をともなう土着主義運動と位置づけてきた。しかし、CFC信徒は、聖霊憑依と伝統的信仰のつながりを頑なに拒 …
• NAID 110007652980

Related Links

• Conflate | Define Conflate at Dictionary.com

... and his tendency to conflate government with his own self. Election Night 2013: The Center Speaks Lloyd Green November 5, 2013 British Dictionary definitions for conflate Expand conflate / kənˈfleɪt / verb 1. (transitive noun ...

• Conflate | Definition of Conflate by Merriam-Webster

<be careful not to conflate gossip with real news> <the movie conflates documentary footage and dramatized reenactments so seamlessly and ingeniously that viewers ... Seen and Heard What made you want to look up conflate?

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