連鎖状の

関: concatenate

WordNet

combine two strings to form a single one
add by linking or joining so as to form a chain or series; "concatenate terms"; "concatenate characters"

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…'を'連結する,鎖状につなぐ

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/03 14:07:21」(JST)

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In formal language theory and computer programming, string concatenation is the operation of joining two character strings end-to-end. For example, the concatenation of "snow" and "ball" is "snowball". In some but not all formalizations of concatenation theory, also called string theory, string concatenation is a primitive notion.

In many programming languages, string concatenation is a binary infix operator. The "+" operator is often overloaded to denote concatenation for string arguments: "Hello, " + "World" has the value "Hello, World".

Concatenation of sets of strings

In formal language theory and pattern matching (including regular expressions), the concatenation operation on strings is generalized to an operation on sets of strings as follows:

For two sets of strings S₁ and S₂, the concatenation S₁S₂ consists of all strings of the form vw where v is a string from S₁ and w is a string from S₂, or formally S₁S₂ = { vw : v ∈ S₁, w ∈ S₂ }. Many authors also use concatenation of a string set and a single string, and vice versa, which are defined similarly by S₁w = { vw : v ∈ S₁ } and vS₂ = { vw : w ∈ S₂ }. In these definitions, the string vw is the ordinary concatenation of strings v and w as defined in the introductory section.

For example, if F = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h }, and R = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }, then FR denotes the set of all chess board coordinates in algebraic notation, while eR denotes the set of all coordinates of the kings' file.

In this context, sets of strings are often referred to as formal languages. There is typically no explicit concatenation operator, simply juxtaposition (as with multiplication).

Applications

Audio/telephony

In programming for telephony, concatenation is used to provide dynamic audio feedback to a user. For example in a "time of day" speaking clock, concatenation is used to give the correct time by playing the appropriate recordings concatenated together. For example:

"At the tone the time will be"
"Eight"
"Thirty"
"Five"
"and"
"Twenty"
"Two"
"Seconds"

The recordings themselves exist separately, but playing them one after the other provides a grammatically correct sentence to the listener.

This technique is also used in number change announcements, voice mail systems, or most telephony applications that provide dynamic feedback to the caller (e.g. moviefone, tellme, and others).

Programming for any kind of computerized public address system can also employ concatenation for dynamic public announcements (for example, flights in an airport). The system would archive recorded speech of numbers, routes or airlines, destinations, times, etc. and play them back in a specific sequence to produce a grammatically correct sentence that is announced throughout the facility.

Database theory

One of the principles of relational database design is that the fields of data tables should reflect a single characteristic of the table's subject, which means that they should not contain concatenated strings. When concatenation is desired in a report, it should be provided at the time of running the report. For example, to display the physical address of a certain customer, the data might include building number, street name, building subunit number, city name, state/province name, postal code, and country name, e.g., "123 Fake St Apt 4, Boulder, CO 80302, USA", which combines seven fields. However, the customers data table should not use one field to store that concatenated string; rather, the concatenation of the seven fields should happen upon running the report. The reason for such principles is that without them, the entry and updating of large volumes of data becomes error-prone and labor-intensive. Separately entering the city, state, ZIP code, and nation allows data-entry validation (such as detecting an invalid state abbreviation). Then those separate items can be used for sorting or indexing the records, such as all with "Boulder" as the city name.

References

John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading Massachusetts, 1979. ISBN 0-201-02988-X.
JOHN CORCORAN, WILLIAM FRANK, and MICHAEL MALONEY, String theory, Journal of Symbolic Logic, vol. 39 (1974) pp. 625– 637

UpToDate Contents

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1. 内臓リーシュマニア症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis

English Journal

Functional brain fluorescence plurimetry in rat by implantable concatenated CMOS imaging system.

Kobayashi T, Masuda H, Kitsumoto C, Haruta M, Motoyama M, Ohta Y, Noda T, Sasagawa K, Tokuda T, Shiosaka S, Ohta J.Author information Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589 8511, Japan. Electronic address: yaemugura@gmail.com.AbstractMeasurement of brain activity in multiple areas simultaneously by minimally invasive methods contributes to the study of neuroscience and development of brain machine interfaces. However, this requires compact wearable instruments that do not inhibit natural movements. Application of optical potentiometry with voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye using an implantable image sensor is also useful. However, the increasing number of leads required for the multiple wired sensors to measure larger domains inhibits natural behavior. For imaging broad areas by numerous sensors without excessive wiring, a web-like sensor that can wrap the brain was developed. Kaleidoscopic potentiometry is possible using the imaging system with concatenated sensors by changing the alignment of the sensors. This paper describes organization of the system, evaluation of the system by a fluorescence imaging, and finally, functional brain fluorescence plurimetry by the sensor. The recorded data in rat somatosensory cortex using the developed multiple-area imaging system compared well with electrophysiology results.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Mar 15;53:31-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.033. Epub 2013 Sep 21.
Measurement of brain activity in multiple areas simultaneously by minimally invasive methods contributes to the study of neuroscience and development of brain machine interfaces. However, this requires compact wearable instruments that do not inhibit natural movements. Application of optical potenti
PMID 24121224

Strong Population Structure and Shallow Mitochondrial Phylogeny in the Banded Guitarfish, Zapteryx exasperata (Jordan y Gilbert, 1880), from the Northern Mexican Pacific.

Castillo-Páez A, Sosa-Nishizaki O, Sandoval-Castillo J, Galván-Magaña F, Blanco-Parra MD, Rocha-Olivares A.Author information the Department of Biological Oceanography, Molecular Ecology Laboratory, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, México.AbstractThe northern Mexican Pacific (NMP), the Gulf of California (GC), and Baja California have been recognized as an ecological and evolutionarily dynamic region having experienced significant tectonic and climatic changes leading to the diversification of terrestrial and marine biotas. Zapteryx exasperata is a predominant ray caught in the artisanal fisheries of the NMP. Morphometric and reproductive differences between rays from the GC and the Pacific coast of Baja California (PCBC) regions suggest the presence of distinct populations. We investigate whether this distinction correlates with differences in genetic diversity and differentiation using sequences of the mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene and the noncoding control region (CR) in 63 specimens. Contrary to our expectations, ND2 bore significantly more diversity (h = 0.76) than CR (h = 0.39). Geographic patterns of diversity of CR were opposite to those of ND2, with GC being significantly less (ND2) and more (CR) diverse than PCBC. The diversity of concatenated haplotypes was high (h = 0.84). Low nucleotide diversity suggests the recent coancestry of haplotypes. Marked genetic structure (Φst = 0.23, P < 0.0001) revealed the existence of reproductive isolation and limited matrilineal gene flow between GC and PCBC, which correlates with their phenotypic distinction. These results suggest the influence of factors such as female reproductive philopatry, and ecological or historical vicariant barriers to gene flow. Our results point to the existence of a distinct management unit of banded guitarfish in each region, and add to the increasing evidence attesting to the diversifying nature of this evolutionarily dynamic region.
The Journal of heredity.J Hered.2014 Jan-Feb;105(1):91-100. doi: 10.1093/jhered/est067. Epub 2013 Oct 11.
The northern Mexican Pacific (NMP), the Gulf of California (GC), and Baja California have been recognized as an ecological and evolutionarily dynamic region having experienced significant tectonic and climatic changes leading to the diversification of terrestrial and marine biotas. Zapteryx exaspera
PMID 24123495

The Unique α4(+)/(-)α4 Agonist Binding Site in (α4)3(β2)2 Subtype Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Permits Differential Agonist Desensitization Pharmacology versus the (α4)2(β2)3 Subtype.

Eaton JB, Lucero LM, Stratton H, Chang Y, Cooper JF, Lindstrom JM, Lukas RJ, Whiteaker P.Author information Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurologic Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (J.B.E., L.M.L., H.S., Y.C., R.J.L., P.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.F.C., J.M.L.).AbstractSelected nicotinic agonists were used to activate and desensitize high-sensitivity (HS) (α4)2(β2)3) or low-sensitivity (LS) (α4)3(β2)2) isoforms of human α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Function was assessed using (86)Rb(+) efflux in a stably transfected SH-EP1-hα4β2 human epithelial cell line, and two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing concatenated pentameric HS or LS α4β2-nAChR constructs (HSP and LSP). Unlike previously studied agonists, desensitization by the highly selective agonists A-85380 [3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine] and sazetidine-A (Saz-A) preferentially reduced α4β2-nAChR HS-phase versus LS-phase responses. The concatenated-nAChR experiments confirmed that approximately 20% of LS-isoform acetylcholine-induced function occurs in an HS-like phase, which is abolished by Saz-A preincubation. Six mutant LSPs were generated, each targeting a conserved agonist binding residue within the LS-isoform-only α4(+)/(-)α4 interface agonist binding site. Every mutation reduced the percentage of LS-phase function, demonstrating that this site underpins LS-phase function. Oocyte-surface expression of the HSP and each of the LSP constructs was statistically indistinguishable, as measured using β2-subunit-specific [(125)I]mAb295 labeling. However, maximum function is approximately five times greater on a "per-receptor" basis for unmodified LSP versus HSP α4β2-nAChRs. Thus, recruitment of the α4(+)/(-)α4 site at higher agonist concentrations appears to augment otherwise-similar function mediated by the pair of α4(+)/(-)β2 sites shared by both isoforms. These studies elucidate the receptor-level differences underlying the differential pharmacology of the two α4β2-nAChR isoforms, and demonstrate that HS versus LS α4β2-nAChR activity can be selectively manipulated using pharmacological approaches. Since α4β2 nAChRs are the predominant neuronal subtype, these discoveries likely have significant functional implications, and may provide important insights for drug discovery and development.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2014 Jan;348(1):46-58. doi: 10.1124/jpet.113.208389. Epub 2013 Nov 4.
Selected nicotinic agonists were used to activate and desensitize high-sensitivity (HS) (α4)2(β2)3) or low-sensitivity (LS) (α4)3(β2)2) isoforms of human α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Function was assessed using (86)Rb(+) efflux in a stably transfected SH-EP1-hα4β2 human e
PMID 24190916

Japanese Journal

Low Complexity Time Concatenated Turbo Equalization for Block Transmission Without Guard Interval: Part 3—Application to Multiuser SIMO-OFDM

Irawan Ade,Anwar Khoirul,Matsumoto Tad
Wireless Personal Communications, 2012-06-29
This paper proposes a Multiuser Single Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MU-SIMO -OFDM) system without Guard Inteval (GI) based on the Chained turbo equalization (CHATU …
NAID 120004462281

Spatially Concatenated Codes with Turbo Equalization for Correlated Sources

Anwar Khoirul,Matsumoto Tad
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 60(10), 5572-5577, 2012-06-11
… The proposed simple structure, spatially concatenated codes (SpCC), can achieve turbo-like performance over MAC channels suffering from severe inter-symbol interference (ISI), even though it uses short memory convolutional codes. …
NAID 120004225697

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