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a bundle of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the brain or spinal cord

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/29 16:59:49」(JST)

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A commissure is the place where two things are joined. The term is used especially in the fields of anatomy and biology.

In anatomy, commissure refers to a bundle of nerve fibers that cross the midline at their level of origin or entry (as opposed to a decussation of fibers that cross obliquely).

The most common usage of the term refers to the brain's commissures, of which there are five—the anterior commissure, posterior commissure, corpus callosum, hippocampal commissure (commissure of fornix), and habenular commissure—and which consist of fibre tracts that connect the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure. In the spinal cord is found the anterior white commissure.
Commissure may also refer to cardiac anatomy of heart valves. In the heart, a commissure is the area where two valve leaflets have abnormally come together.
The term may also refer to the junction of the upper and lower lips (see labial commissure of mouth).
It may refer to the junction of the upper and lower mandibles of a bird's beak,^[1] or alternately, to the full-length apposition of the closed mandibles, from the corners of the mouth to the tip of the beak.^[2]
It may refer to the upper and lower eyelids.
In female genitalia, the joining points of the two folds of the labia majora create two commissures - the anterior commissure just anterior to the prepuse of the clitoris, and the posterior commissure of the labia majora, directly posterior to the frenulum of the labia minora and anterior to the perineal raphe.

In biology, the meeting of the two valves of a brachiopod or clam is a commissure; in botany, the term is used to denote the place where a fern's laterally expanded vein endings come together in a continuous marginal sorus.

References

^ Coues, Elliott (1890). Handbook of Field and General Ornithology. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 155. OCLC 263166207.
^ Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth, eds. (1985). A Dictionary of Birds. Carlton, England: T and A D Poyser. p. 105. ISBN 0-85661-039-9.

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1. 僧帽弁狭窄症に対する経皮的バルーン僧帽弁切開術 percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy for mitral stenosis
2. 僧帽弁狭窄症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of mitral stenosis
3. 僧帽弁狭窄症における内科的マネージメントおよびインターベンションの適応 medical management and indications for intervention for mitral stenosis
4. 経皮的バルーン大動脈弁膜切開術 percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomy
5. 三次元心エコー検査 three dimensional echocardiography

English Journal

Aortic valve repair with patch in non-rheumatic disease: indication, techniques and durability.

Mosala Nezhad Z1, de Kerchove L, Hechadi J, Tamer S, Boodhwani M, Poncelet A, Noirhomme P, Rubay J, El Khoury G.Author information 1Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.AbstractOBJECTIVES: To analyse the long-term outcomes of aortic valve (AV) repair with biological patch in patient with non-rheumatic valve disease.
European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg.2014 Mar 11. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVES: To analyse the long-term outcomes of aortic valve (AV) repair with biological patch in patient with non-rheumatic valve disease.METHODS: From 1995 to 2011, 554 patients underwent elective (AV) repair; among them, 57 (mean age 45 ± 17 years) had cusp restoration using patch for non-rheum
PMID 24618389

Neuronal calcium-binding proteins 1/2 localize to dorsal root ganglia and excitatory spinal neurons and are regulated by nerve injury.

Zhang MD1, Tortoriello G, Hsueh B, Tomer R, Ye L, Mitsios N, Borgius L, Grant G, Kiehn O, Watanabe M, Uhlén M, Mulder J, Deisseroth K, Harkany T, Hökfelt TG.Author information 1Department of Neuroscience, Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.AbstractNeuronal calcium (Ca2+)-binding proteins 1 and 2 (NECAB1/2) are members of the phylogenetically conserved EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein superfamily. To date, NECABs have been explored only to a limited extent and, so far, not at all at the spinal level. Here, we describe the distribution, phenotype, and nerve injury-induced regulation of NECAB1/NECAB2 in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord. In DRGs, NECAB1/2 are expressed in around 70% of mainly small- and medium-sized neurons. Many colocalize with calcitonin gene-related peptide and isolectin B4, and thus represent nociceptors. NECAB1/2 neurons are much more abundant in DRGs than the Ca2+-binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, and secretagogin) studied to date. In the spinal cord, the NECAB1/2 distribution is mainly complementary. NECAB1 labels interneurons and a plexus of processes in superficial layers of the dorsal horn, commissural neurons in the intermediate area, and motor neurons in the ventral horn. Using CLARITY, a novel, bilaterally connected neuronal system with dendrites that embrace the dorsal columns like palisades is observed. NECAB2 is present in cell bodies and presynaptic boutons across the spinal cord. In the dorsal horn, most NECAB1/2 neurons are glutamatergic. Both NECAB1/2 are transported into dorsal roots and peripheral nerves. Peripheral nerve injury reduces NECAB2, but not NECAB1, expression in DRG neurons. Our study identifies NECAB1/2 as abundant Ca2+-binding proteins in pain-related DRG neurons and a variety of spinal systems, providing molecular markers for known and unknown neuron populations of mechanosensory and pain circuits in the spinal cord.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2014 Mar 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Neuronal calcium (Ca2+)-binding proteins 1 and 2 (NECAB1/2) are members of the phylogenetically conserved EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein superfamily. To date, NECABs have been explored only to a limited extent and, so far, not at all at the spinal level. Here, we describe the distribution, phenotype,
PMID 24616509

Differential modulation of sympathetic and respiratory activities by cholinergic mechanisms in the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats.

Furuya WI1, Bassi M, Menani JV, Colombari E, Zoccal DB, Colombari DS.Author information 1São Paulo State University, Brazil.AbstractThe contribution of cholinergic mechanisms of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to the cardio-respiratory control is not completely clear. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of the cholinergic mechanisms in the intermediate NTS (iNTS) and commissural NTS (cNTS) on the control of sympathetic (SNA) and phrenic nerve activity (PNA). Decorticated arterially-perfused in situ preparations of male juvenile rats (60-100 g) were used. Acetylcholine (ACh, 10 mM, 60 nL) injected in the iNTS reduced SNA (-54 ± 4, vs. vehicle: -5 ± 3%; p < 0.001) and PNA (-30 ± 4, vs. vehicle: -5 ± 6%; p < 0.001), whereas injections of ACh in the cNTS increased PNA (30 ± 6, vs. vehicle: 5 ± 3%; p < 0.001), without changing SNA. The pre-treatment with mecamylamine (nicotinic antagonist, 5 mM) abolished all the effects of ACh injected in the iNTS or the cNTS, whereas atropine (muscarinic antagonist, 5mM) reduced only the effects of ACh injected in the cNTS. Mecamylamine injected in the cNTS also reduced the tachypnoea to peripheral chemoreflex activation. Baroreflex was unaltered by injections of atropine or mecamylamine in the NTS. The results suggest that ACh and mainly nicotinic receptors in the NTS are involved in the modulation of SNA and PNA, with distinct functions between the iNTS and the cNTS. An involvement of the nicotinic receptors in the cNTS on the tachypnoea to peripheral chemoreflex activation is also suggested.
Experimental physiology.Exp Physiol.2014 Mar 7. [Epub ahead of print]
The contribution of cholinergic mechanisms of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to the cardio-respiratory control is not completely clear. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of the cholinergic mechanisms in the intermediate NTS (iNTS) and commissural NTS (cNTS) on the contro
PMID 24610833

Japanese Journal

眼球運動神経積分器を構成する両側性神経回路における同側フィードバックと対側抑制機構の役割評価 (ニューロコンピューティング)

稲垣圭一郎,平田豊
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 115(111), 63-68, 2015-06-23
NAID 40020524296

Balloon valvuloplasty in rheumatic aortic valve stenosis : immediate and long-term results

Pillai Ajith Ananthakrishna,Ramasamy Chandramohan,Saktheeshwaran Maheshkumar [他]
Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics 30(1), 45-50, 2015-01
NAID 40020374215