WordNet

the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it
living in a state of commensalism
either of two different animal or plant species living in close association but not interdependent

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/20 16:12:56」(JST)

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A titan triggerfish (Balistoides viridescens) creates feeding opportunities for smaller fish by moving large rocks too big for them to shift themselves.

In ecology, commensalism is a class of relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits without affecting the other. It compares with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit, and parasitism, when one benefits while the other is harmed.

Commensalism derives from the English word commensal, meaning "sharing of food" in human social interaction, which in turn derives from the Latin cum mensa, meaning "sharing a table". Originally, the term was used to describe the use of waste food by second animals, like the carcass eaters that follow hunting animals, but wait until they have finished their meal.

Examples of commensal relationships

Commensalism is harder to demonstrate than parasitism and mutualism, for it is easier to show a single instance whereby the host is affected, than it is to prove or disprove that possibility. Often, a detailed investigation will show that the host indeed has become affected by the relationship.

Cattle egrets and livestock

An example of commensalism: cattle egrets foraging in fields among cattle or other livestock. As cattle, horses and other livestock graze on the field, they cause movements that stir up various insects. As the insects are stirred up, the cattle egrets following the livestock catch and feed upon them. The egrets benefit from this relationship because the livestock have helped them find their meals, while the livestock are typically unaffected by it.

Other examples

Another example of commensalism: birds following army ant raids on a forest floor. As the army ant colony travels on the forest floor, they stir up various flying insect species. As the insects flee from the army ants, the birds following the ants catch the fleeing insects. In this way, the army ants and the birds are in a commensal relationship because the birds benefit while the army ants are unaffected.^{[citation needed]}

Orchids and mosses are plants that can have a commensal relationship with trees. The plants grow on the trunks or branches of trees. They get the light they need as well as nutrients that run down along the tree. As long as these plants do not grow too heavy, the tree is not affected.^{[citation needed]}

Barnacles

Barnacles, a type of arthropod in the subphylum Crustacea

Barnacles are highly sedentary crustaceans that must attach themselves permanently to a hard substrate, such as rocks, shells, whales or anything else on which they can gain a foothold. When they attach to the shell of a scallop, for instance, barnacles benefit by having a place to stay, leaving the scallop presumably unaffected.

Arguments

Whether the relationship between humans and some types of our gut flora is commensal or mutualistic is still unanswered.

Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely mutualistic or parasitic in a subtle way that has not been detected. For example, epiphytes are "nutritional pirates" that may intercept substantial amounts of nutrients that would otherwise go to the host plant.^[1] Large numbers of epiphytes can also cause tree limbs to break or shade the host plant and reduce its rate of photosynthesis. Similarly, phoretic mites may hinder their host by making flight more difficult, which may affect its aerial hunting ability or cause it to expend extra energy while carrying these passengers.

Types

Phoretic mites on a fly (Pseudolynchia canariensis)

Like all ecological interactions, commensalisms vary in strength and duration from intimate, long-lived symbioses to brief, weak interactions through intermediaries.

Phoresy: One animal attaching to another for transportation only. This concerns mainly arthropods, examples of which are mites on insects (such as beetles, flies or bees), pseudoscorpions on mammals^[2] or beetles, and millipedes on birds.^[3] Phoresy can be either obligate or facultative (induced by environmental conditions).
Inquilinism: Using a second organism for housing. Examples are epiphytic plants (such as many orchids) that grow on trees,^[4] or birds that live in holes in trees.
Metabiosis: A more indirect dependency, in which one organism creates or prepares a suitable environment for a second. Examples include maggots, which feast and develop on corpses, and hermit crabs, which use gastropod shells to protect their bodies.

References

^ Benzing, D.H. (1980) Biology of the Bromeliads. Eureka, California: Mad River Press.
^ Durden, Lance A. (2001) "Pseudoscorpions Associated With Mammals in Papua New Guinea". Biotropica, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 204–206.
^ Tajovy, Karel, et al. (2001) "Millipedes (Diplopoda) in Dogs' nests". European Journal of Soil Biology, vol. 37, pp. 321–323.
^ C. Michael Hogan. 2011. Commensalism. Topic Ed. M.Mcginley. Ed-in-chief C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC

UpToDate Contents

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…has often been problematic to determine when these bacteria represent true pathogens or merely commensals. This decision is facilitated by the anaerobe recovered and its established pathogenic potential …
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…and microbial products (eg, glycocalyx or "slime"). Thus, it is not surprising that common skin commensals, such as S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, are often isolated from colonized catheters …
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…parasites beginning with Giardia duodenalis (previously G. lamblia) that were initially believed to be commensals and not capable of causing symptomatic illness. As more information became available and antimicrobial …
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…meningitis . CoNS are the most frequent blood culture isolates; they are also ubiquitous skin commensals and are common contaminants. For this reason, identification beyond the level of species to actual…

English Journal

Phytohormones enabled endophytic fungal symbiosis improve aluminum phytoextraction in tolerant Solanum lycopersicum: An examples of Penicillium janthinellum LK5 and comparison with exogenous GA3.

Khan AL1, Waqas M2, Hussain J3, Al-Harrasi A4, Hamayun M5, Lee IJ6.
Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2015 Sep 15;295:70-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.008. Epub 2015 Apr 4.
This work investigates the potentials of fungal-endophyte Penicillium janthinellum LK5 (PjLK5) and its inherent gibberellic acid (GA3) as reference to enhance aluminum (Al) induced toxicity in tolerant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Initial screening showed significantly higher uptake of Al b
PMID 25885165

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation protects Miscanthus×giganteus against trace element toxicity in a highly metal-contaminated site.

Firmin S1, Labidi S2, Fontaine J3, Laruelle F3, Tisserant B3, Nsanganwimana F4, Pourrut B4, Dalpé Y5, Grandmougin A3, Douay F4, Shirali P6, Verdin A6, Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui A7.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Sep 15;527-528:91-9. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.116. Epub 2015 May 14.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)-assisted phytoremediation could constitute an ecological and economic method in polluted soil rehabilitation programs. The aim of this work was to characterize the trace element (TE) phytoremediation potential of mycorrhizal Miscanthus×giganteus. To understand th
PMID 25958358

Evaluation of wastewater treatment in a novel anoxic-aerobic algal-bacterial photobioreactor with biomass recycling through carbon and nitrogen mass balances.

Alcántara C1, Domínguez JM1, García D1, Blanco S2, Pérez R1, García-Encina PA1, Muñoz R3.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2015 Sep;191:173-86. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.125. Epub 2015 May 7.
Algal-bacterial symbiosis, implemented in an innovative anoxic-aerobic photobioreactor configuration with biomass recycling, supported an efficient removal of total organic carbon (86-90%), inorganic carbon (57-98%) and total nitrogen (68-79%) during synthetic wastewater treatment at a hydraulic and
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Japanese Journal

Morphological and ecological adaptation of Basterotia bivalves (Galeommatoidea: Sportellidae) to symbiotic association with burrowing Echiuran worms

Goto Ryutaro,Hamamura Yoichi,Kato Makoto
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NAID 40018724188

キクイムシ関連ダニの系統と生態

岡部貴美子
日本森林学会誌 = Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 91(6), 461-468, 2009-12-01
キクイムシとダニの相互関係は, ダニによる便乗, 寄生, 捕食, および (便乗以外の) 片利共生や相利共生などである。最も歴史が長く一般的な関係はダニが移動分散のために他の生き物にヒッチハイクする便乗であり, 寄生をはじめとするより長期的な共生関係が進化したものと考えられた。共生や捕食などの相互関係は, トゲダニ, ケダニ, コナダニ, ササラダニの4亜目に認められ, それぞれ独立に始まったと考 …
NAID 10025955401