WordNet

set up on the principle of collectivism or ownership and production by the workers involved usually under the supervision of a government; "collective farms"
members of a cooperative enterprise
forming a whole or aggregate

PrepTutorEJDIC

集合的に;集団的に / (文法で,名詞が)集合的に
集めた,収集された;畜積された,集積した / 総合した,合わせた;集団の,団体の,共同の / =collective noun / 集産主義組織(事業)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/02 01:55:50」(JST)

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A collective is a group of entities that share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest, or work together to achieve a common objective.^{[citation needed]} Collectives differ from cooperatives in that they are not necessarily focused upon an economic benefit or saving, but can be that as well.

The term "collective" is sometimes used to describe a species as a whole—for example, the human collective.

Types of groups

Collectives are sometimes characterised by attempts to share and exercise political and social power and to make decisions on a consensus-driven and egalitarian basis.

A commune or intentional community, which may also be known as a "collective household", is a group of people who live together in some kind of dwelling or residence, or in some other arrangement (e.g. sharing land). Collective households may be organized for a specific purpose (e.g. relating to business, parenting, or some other shared interest).

An artist collective is typically a collection of individuals with similar interests in producing and documenting art as a group. These groups are often composed of friends or friends of friends from all walks of life with different beliefs, careers, & religions, and can range in size from a few people to thousands of members.^{[citation needed]} The style of art produced can have vast differences. Motivations can be for a common cause or individually motivated purposes. Some collectives are simply people who enjoy painting with someone else and have no other goals or motivations for forming their collective.^{[citation needed]}

A work collective is a type of horizontal collectivism wherein a business functions as a partnership of individual professionals, recognizing them as equals and rewarding them for their expertise. The working collective aims to reduce costs to clients while maintaining healthy rewards for participating partners. This is accomplished by eliminating the operating costs that are needed to support levels of management.^[1]

References

^ PRWeb Santa Monica, February 26, 2010. At One Year, New Agency Structure Succeeds: Commitment to Small Business Continues [1]

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Mouse Spermatogenesis Requires Classical and Nonclassical Testosterone Signaling.

Toocheck C1, Clister T1, Shupe J1, Crum C1, Ravindranathan P2, Lee TK3, Ahn JM3, Raj GV2, Sukhwani M1, Orwig KE1, Walker WH4.
Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2016 Dec;94(1):11. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.132068. Epub 2015 Nov 25.
Testosterone acts though the androgen receptor in Sertoli cells to support germ cell development (spermatogenesis) and male fertility, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which testosterone acts are not well understood. Previously, we found that in addition to acting through androgen recept
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Enhanced muscle nutrient content and flesh quality, resulting from tryptophan, is associated with anti-oxidative damage referred to the Nrf2 and TOR signalling factors in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Avoid tryptophan deficiency or excess.

Jiang WD1, Wen HL2, Liu Y1, Jiang J2, Wu P1, Zhao J2, Kuang SY3, Tang L3, Tang WN3, Zhang YA4, Zhou XQ5, Feng L6.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 May 15;199:210-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.003. Epub 2015 Dec 7.
Flesh quality, muscle antioxidant status and related signalling molecule expressions were investigated in young grass carp fed six levels of tryptophan (Trp) for 8weeks. The results indicated that fish fed 0.7 (deficiency) and 6.1g Trp g/kg (excess) diets exhibited lower muscle water-holding capacit
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Effects of Supplemental Citrulline-Malate Ingestion on Blood Lactate, Cardiovascular Dynamics, and Resistance Exercise Performance in Trained Males.

Wax B1, Kavazis AN2, Luckett W3.
Journal of dietary supplements.J Diet Suppl.2016 May 3;13(3):269-82. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2015.1008615. Epub 2015 Feb 12.
Citrulline-malate (CM) has been proposed to provide an ergogenic effect during resistance exercise; however, there is a paucity of research investigating these claims. Therefore, we investigated the impact that CM supplementation would have on repeated bouts of resistance exercise. Fourteen resistan
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