WordNet

the state of being combined into one body (同)fusion

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(政党などの,特に一時的な)(…間の)連立,提携《+『between』+『名』》 / 一体化,合体融合

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/13 16:48:00」(JST)

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A coalition is a pact or treaty among individuals or groups, during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own self-interest, joining forces together for a common cause. This alliance may be temporary or a matter of convenience. A coalition thus differs from a more formal covenant. Possibly described as a joining of 'factions', usually those with overlapping interests rather than opposing.

Politics and government

A coalition government, in a parliamentary system, is a government composed of a coalition of parties. In Australia, the Coalition is also used to refer to an alliance (coalition agreement) of three parties (the Liberals, Nationals and Country Liberals) existing in federal politics since 1922 - this constitutes a parliamentary coalition. A coalition of parties is also an electoral fusion. The Cambridge Dictionary defines coalition as, "the union of different political parties or groups for a particular purpose, usually for a limited time".

In international relations, a coalition can be an ad hoc grouping of nations united for a specific purpose. Sometimes, such groups are diverse and are characterized by some degree of commonalities. Sometimes, the degree of uncommonalities would lead some to perceive the group's bond as being ordinarily unlikely; here it can indicate the fact the historical ties may no longer be in operation, and the coalition members, instead, are joined by a new intention, not necessarily prior bonds.

A coalition might also refer to a group of citizens uniting behind a common goal. Many of these are grassroots organizations, like the Christian Coalition.

It can also be a collaborative, means-oriented arrangement, especially a temporary one, that allows distinct people or organizational entities to pool resources and combine efforts in order to effect change. The combination of such persons or entities into one body, as a union, variously organized and structured, but generally less formal than a covenant. Although persons and groups form coalitions for many and varied reasons, the most common purpose is to combat a common threat or to take advantage of a certain opportunity; hence, the often-temporary nature of coalitions. The common threat or existence of opportunity is what gives rise to the coalition and allows it to exist. Such collaborative processes can gain political influence and potentially initiate social movements. According to Sidney Tarrow, four elements are necessary to maintain a coalition:

Members must frame the issue that brings them together with a common interest.
Members’ trust in each other and believe that their peers have a credible commitment to the common issue(s) and/or goal(s).
The coalition must have a mechanism(s) to manage differences in language, orientation, tactics, culture, ideology, etc. between and among the collective's members (especially in transnational coalitions).
The shared incentive to participate and, consequently, benefit.

Coalitions manifest in a variety of forms, types and terms of duration:

Campaign coalitions with high intensity and long-term cooperation
Federations, characterized by relatively lower degree of involvement, intensity and participation, involving cooperation of long duration, but with members’ primary commitment remaining with their own entities
Instrumental coalitions, involving low-intensity involvement without a foundation to mediate conflict
Event-based coalitions that have a high level of involvement and the potential for future collaboration.

Economics

A coalition in economics refers to a group of companies that create a mutual trust between each other in order for increased profit. For example, Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin-Robbins create a coalition by having shared stores and thus shared revenue.

Political science

Within political science, coalition theory is using game theory to analyze the formation, workings and break-up of coalitions. Coalitions also describe alliances between civil society organizations, such as labor unions, community organizations and religious institutions. Sometimes called labor-community coalitions, coalitions have proven to be an important strategy for social change in many contexts. Yet their power is variable, dependent on the context in which they are organizing and the strategies used by the organizers, as documented in the book Power in Coalition.^[1]

Activism

Civil society, activist and nonprofit groups often call themselves "coalitions" when they join together. It can be temporary or long-term. Such coalitions are defined by the cause which unites the members groups, although sometimes there is also a geographical dimension, such as in the West Suburban Faith Based Peace Coalition, based in suburban Chicago. Most often coalitions of activists and advocates support each other when one faction takes the lead in a particular movement. Coalitions of activists work best once there is a mutual respect for the strengths of each organization/individual involved, and there is less overlap.

In some instances the organization consists of only one person. The often-cited Save the Plastic Bag Coalition, for example, lists only one person, Stephen Joseph, on the contact page of its website.

Military

A coalition is a collection of countries involved in a military operation who are unified under a single command. Examples include the Coalition of the Gulf War, assembled by President George H.W. Bush during the Persian Gulf War, as well as the "Coalition of the Willing", a phrase employed during the 2003 campaign for the war in Iraq led by the United States and its allies.^[2] A contemporary example is the United Nations coalition that intervened in the 2011 Libyan civil war against Muammar Gaddafi.

Social groups

Research has found that genetics and hereditary factors may play a part in how well an individual adapts to and performs within a social group coalition.^[3]

Mathematics

Coalitions can be studied as games. The Nash equilibrium defines conditions where rational players can benefit other players in the coalition.

Computer science

In the computer field, and in the study of cognition, the entities can be called agents or daemons. By definition, agents can form coalitions.

References

Power in Coalition ...

^ http://www.powerincoalition.com Power in Coalition
^ BBC NEWS | Middle East | Coalition troops in Iraq
^ Phys.org, "Genes hold key to how well coalitions work, psychologists say", 10 November 2010

External links

Mapleleaf Web - Coalition Governments in Canada

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Comparing the Effectiveness and Adverse Effects of Different Systemic Treatments for Non-clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Fernández-Pello S1, Hofmann F2, Tahbaz R3, Marconi L4, Lam TB5, Albiges L6, Bensalah K7, Canfield SE8, Dabestani S9, Giles RH10, Hora M11, Kuczyk MA12, Merseburger AS13, Powles T14, Staehler M15, Volpe A16, Ljungberg B17, Bex A18.
European urology.Eur Urol.2017 Mar;71(3):426-436. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.11.020. Epub 2016 Dec 8.
CONTEXT: While vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition are effective strategies in treating clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most effective therapeutic approach for patients with non-clear cell RCC (non-ccRCC) is unknown.OBJECTIVE:
PMID 27939075

The Effects of Discrimination Are Associated With Cigarette Smoking Among Black Males.

Parker LJ1, Hunte H2, Ohmit A3, Furr-Holden D4, Thorpe RJ Jr1.
Substance use & misuse.Subst Use Misuse.2017 Feb 23;52(3):383-391. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1228678. Epub 2016 Oct 25.
Previous research has demonstrated that experiencing interpersonal discrimination is associated with cigarette smoking. Few studies have examined the relationship between the effects of physical and emotional discrimination and cigarette usage, and none have examined this relationship among Black me
PMID 27779434

CK7 Immunohistochemistry as a Predictor of CIN1 Progression: A Retrospective Study of Patients From the Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine Trials.

Mills AM1, Paquette C, Terzic T, Castle PE, Stoler MH.
The American journal of surgical pathology.Am J Surg Pathol.2017 Feb;41(2):143-152. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000747.
Cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (CIN2-3) is thought to arise from a distinct population of cells at the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ). Immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarkers that characterize the SCJ phenotype, including CK7, have been proposed as tools to separate the subset of lo
PMID 27680604

Japanese Journal

On the Sustainability of Partial Tax Harmonization among Asymmetric Countries

Amano Daisuke,Itaya Jun-ichi,Yamaguchi Chikara
Discussion Paper, Series A (259), 1-36, 2013-05-30
… We show that regardless of the structure of the coalition (i.e., any group of asymmetric countries), whether partial tax harmonization is sustainable or not crucially depends on the capital endowment of the median country relative to those of the large and small countries. …
NAID 120002261729

The Australian carbon pricing experience : are there any lessons for Japan?

Dabner Justin
アメリカ太平洋研究 13, 63-85, 2013-03-00
… Whilst Australia had been active in negotiating the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and an early signatory, during the subsequent decade the Liberal coalition Government refused to embrace a price on carbon, the centerpiece of the Protocol, even questioning the science on climate change. … Although it seemed that the impetus had been lost, with the toppling of a Prime Minister later that year and a Federal election resulting in Labor forming a coalition with the Greens, momentum again swung in favour of an emissions trading scheme. …
NAID 120005246147

国際図書館コンソーシアム連合(ICOLC: International Coalition of Library Consortia)2012年秋季会合参加報告

高橋正江,柴田育子
大学図書館研究 97, 65-70, 2013-03-00
NAID 110009593161

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