クローバー型の、クローバー葉の　　

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an interchange that does not require left-hand turns

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クローバーの葉 / 四つ葉のクローバー型の立体交差路

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/27 17:05:37」(JST)

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1. 頭蓋骨縫合早期癒合症候群 craniosynostosis syndromes
2. 頭蓋骨縫合早期癒合症の概要 overview of craniosynostosis
3. 致死的骨格形成異常の出生前診断 prenatal diagnosis of the lethal skeletal dysplasias

English Journal

Putative anticodons in mitochondrial tRNA sidearm loops: Pocketknife tRNAs?

Seligmann H.Author information National Natural History Museum Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Electronic address: varanuseremius@gmail.com.AbstractThe hypothesis that tRNA sidearm loops bear anticodons assumes crossovers between anticodon and sidearms, or translation by expressed aminoacylated tRNA halves forming single stem-loops. Only the latter might require ribosomal adaptations. Drosophila mitochondrial codon usages coevolve with sidearm numbers bearing matching putative anticodons (comparing different codon families in one genome, macroevolution) and when comparing different genomes for single codon families (microevolution). Coevolution between Drosophila and yeast mitochondrial antisense tRNAs and codon usages partly confounds microevolutionary patterns for putative sidearm anticodons. Some tRNA sidearm loops have more than seven nucleotides, putative expanded anticodons potentially matching quadruplet codons (tetracodons, codons expanded by a fourth silent position, forming tetragenes (predicted by alignment analyses of Drosophila mitochondrial genomes)). Tetracodon numbers coevolve with expanded tRNA sidearm loops. Sidearm coevolution with amino acid usages and tetragenes occurs for putative anticodons in 5' and 3' sidearms loops (D and TΨC loops, respectively), are stronger for the D-loop. Results slightly favour isolated stem-loops upon crossover hypotheses. An alternative hypothesis, that patterns observed for sidearm 'anticodons' do not imply translational activity, but recognition signals for tRNA synthetases that aminoacylate tRNAs, is incompatible with tetracodon/tetra-anticodon coevolution. Hence analyses strengthen translational hypotheses for tRNA sidearm anticodons, tetragenes, and antisense tRNAs.
Journal of theoretical biology.J Theor Biol.2014 Jan 7;340:155-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.08.030. Epub 2013 Sep 4.
The hypothesis that tRNA sidearm loops bear anticodons assumes crossovers between anticodon and sidearms, or translation by expressed aminoacylated tRNA halves forming single stem-loops. Only the latter might require ribosomal adaptations. Drosophila mitochondrial codon usages coevolve with sidearm
PMID 24012463

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) and a comparative mitogenomic analysis of three predominant rice planthoppers.

Zhang KJ, Zhu WC, Rong X, Liu J, Ding XL, Hong XY.Author information Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.AbstractThe white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), is one of the most destructive pests of rice crops in many Asian countries. Using long-PCR and shotgun library methods, we sequenced the entire mitochondrial genomes (mt-genomes) of two WBPH individuals. Total lengths of the mt-genome of the two WBPH individuals were 16,612 bp and 16,654 bp with an identical AT content of 76.19%. Among the 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), only nad5 used an atypical initiation codon GTG. Most of the tRNA genes had the typical cloverleaf secondary structure except that the dihydrouridine (DHU) arms in two trnS genes and the TΨC arm of trnG gene did not form a stable stem-loop structure. Similar to the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), and the small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), some extraordinary features were observed in the WBPH mt-genome. These include similar gene rearrangement pattern, unusually short length of the atp8 gene and variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) structure in control region. Interestingly, the same tandem repeat unit with stable secondary structure appeared in two different planthoppers, WBPH and SBPH, which belong to two different genera of the Delphacidae. This peculiar feature provides a direct evidence for the close relationship between the two planthoppers and updates our understanding of the evolutionary characteristics of mitochondrial control region. Comparison with two other predominant rice planthoppers (BPH and SBPH) revealed that different PCGs of mitochondria exhibit different evolutionary patterns.
Gene.Gene.2014 Jan 1;533(1):100-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.117. Epub 2013 Oct 8.
The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), is one of the most destructive pests of rice crops in many Asian countries. Using long-PCR and shotgun library methods, we sequenced the entire mitochondrial genomes (mt-genomes) of two WBPH individuals. Total lengths of the mt-gen
PMID 24120898

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Tryporyza incertulas, in comparison with seven other Pyraloidea moths.

Shuang-Shuang C, Wei-Wei Y, Meng S, Yu-Zhou D.Author information College of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.AbstractThe complete 15,223-bp mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Tryporyza incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) was determined, characterized and compared with seven other species of superfamily Pyraloidea. The order of 37 genes was typical of insect mitochondrial DNA sequences described to date. Compared with other moths of Pyraloidea, the A+T biased (77.0%) of T. incertulas was the lowest. Eleven protein-coding genes (PCGs) utilized the standard ATN, but cox1 used CGA and nad4 used AAT as the initiation codons. Ten protein-coding genes had the common stop codon TAA, except nad3 having TAG as the stop codon, and cox2, nad4 using T, TA as the incomplete stop codons, respectively. All of the tRNA genes had typical cloverleaf secondary structures except trnS1(AGN), in which the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm did not form a stable stem-loop structure. There was a spacer between trnQ and nad2, which was common in Lepidoptera moths. A 6-bp motif 'ATACTA' between trnS2(UCN) and nad1, a 7-bp motif "AGC(T)CTTA" between trnW and trnC and a 6-bp motif "ATGATA" of overlapping region between atp8 and atp6 were found in Pyraloidea moths. The A+T-rich region contained an 'ATAGT(A)'-like motif followed by a poly-T stretch. In addition, two potential stem-loop structures, a duplicated 19-bp repeat element, and two microsatellites '(TA)12' and '(TA)9' were observed in the A+T-rich region of T. incertulas mitogenome. Finally, the phylogenetic relationships of Pyraloidea species were constructed based on amino acid sequences of 13 PCGs of mitogenomes using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. These molecular-based phylogenies supported the morphological classification on relationships within Pyraloidea species.
Gene.Gene.2014 Jan 1;533(1):356-65. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.072. Epub 2013 Aug 15.
The complete 15,223-bp mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Tryporyza incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) was determined, characterized and compared with seven other species of superfamily Pyraloidea. The order of 37 genes was typical of insect mitochondrial DNA sequences descri
PMID 23954873