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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/06 10:31:31」(JST)

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Diagram showing climatic zones corresponding with those suggested by Aristotle.

Clime (more correctly^{[citation needed]} klima or clima, plur. klimata and climata, from Greek κλίμα/κλίματα) is a concept of referring to the angle between the axis of the celestial sphere and the horizon, and the terrestrial latitude characterized by this angle. In most cases, it can safely be translated as “latitude”. Normally, klimata were defined by the length of the longest daylight and associated with specific geographical locations. Different lists of klimata were in use in Hellenistic and Roman time. Claudius Ptolemy was the first ancient scientist known to have devised the so-called system of seven klimata (Almagest 2.12) which, due to his authority, became one of the canonical elements of late antique, medieval European and Arab geography.

Klimata (currently: Climata) should not be confused with modern climatic zones or with the word Climate, although the latter derive their name from the former. Traditionally, starting with Aristotle (Meteorology 2.5,362a32), the Earth was divided into five zones, assuming two frigid climes (the arctic and antarctic) around the poles, an uninhabitable torrid clime near the equator, and two temperate climes between the frigid and the torrid ones.^[1]

Ptolemy

Ptolemy gives a list of parallels, starting with the equator, and proceeding north at intervals, chosen so that the longest day (summer solstice) increases in steps of a quarter of an hour from 12 hours at the equator to 18 hours at 58° N, and then, in larger steps, to 24 hours at the arctic circle.

But for the purposes of his geographical tables, Ptolemy reduces this list to eleven parallels, dividing the area between the equator and 54°1' N into ten segments, at half-hour intervals reaching from 12 hours to 17 hours. Even later in his work, he reduces this to seven parallels, reaching from 16°27' N (13 hours) to 48°32' N (16 hours).

Ptolemy's system of seven climes was primarily adopted by Arab and Persian authors such as al-Biruni, al-Idrisi and al-Razi, the author of the 16th century haft iqlīm (seven climes), while in Europe, Aristotle's system of five zones was more successful. This view dominated in medieval Europe, and existence and inhabitability of the Southern temperate zone, the antipodes, was a matter of dispute.

To identify the parallels delineating his climes, Ptolemy gives a geographical location through which they pass. The following is a list of the 33 parallels of the full system of climes, the reduced system of seven climes is indicated by additional numbers in brackets (note that the latitudes are the ones given by Ptolemy, not the modern exact values):

12:00 (equator)
12:15, 4°4' N: Taprobana (Sri Lanka)
12:30, 8°25' N: Avalite bay (Saylac, Somalia)
12:45 12°00' N: bay of Adulis (Eritrea)
(1.) 13:00, 16°27' N: Meroe island
13:15, 20°14' N: Napaton (Sudan)
(2.) 13:30, 23°51' N: Soene (Aswan)
13:45, 27°12' N: Thebes
(3.) 14:00, 30°22' N: Lower Egypt
14:15, 33°18' N: Phoenicia
(4.) 14:30, 36°00' N: Rhodes
14:45, 38°35' N: Smyrna
(5.) 15:00, 40°50' N: Hellespont
15:15, 43°04' N: Massalia (Marseilles)
(6.) 15:30, 45°01' N: the middle of the Black Sea
15:45, 46°51' N: Istros river
(7.) 16:00, 48°32' N: the mouths of Borysthenes (Dnepr)
16:15, 50°04' N: Maeotian Lake (Sea of Azov)
16:30, 51°06' N: the southern shore of Britannia
16:45, 52°50' N: mouths of the Rhine
17:00, 54°30' N: mouths of the Tanais river (Don)
17:15, 55° N: Brigantion in Britannia
17:30, 56° N: the middle of Great Britain
17:45, 57° N: Katouraktonion in Britannia
18:00, 58° N: the southern part of Britannia Minor
18:30, 59° N: the middle part of Britannia Minor
19:00, 61° N: the North of Britannia Minor
19:30, 62° N: Ebudes island
20:00, 63° N: Thule (Iceland)
21:00, 64° N: unknown "Scythian people"[?]
22:00, 65° N
23:00, 66° N
24:00, 66°08'40'' N: the polar circle

References

^ Abel K. (1974). "Zone". Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Ed. A. F. von Pauly, G. Wissowa et al. Stuttgart. Suppl.-Bd. XIV: 989–1188.

Bibliography

Berggren J.L., Jones A. (2000). Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. Princeton University Press. 216 p.
Dicks D.R. (1955). “The ΚΛΙΜΑΤΑ in the Greek Geography”. Classical Quarterly 5 (49): 248–255.
Dicks D.R. (1956). “Strabo and the ΚΛΙΜΑΤΑ”. Classical Quarterly 6 (50): 243–247.
Dicks D.R. (1960) The Geographical Fragments of Hipparchus. London: Athlon Press. XI, 214 p.
Diller A. (1934). “Geographical Latitudes in Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Posidonius”. Klio 27 (3): 258–269.
Honigmann E. (1929). Die sieben Klimata und die πολεις επισημοι. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Geographie und Astrologie in Altertum und Mittelalter. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung. 247 S.
The Itinerary of Alexander through the Seven Climes of Antiquity according to the Aljamiado-Morisco Rrekontamiento del rrey Alisandre. Santa Barbara, CA. Fifth Annual Middle East Studies Regional Conference. March 22, 2003.
Kubitschek W. (1921). “Klima 2”. Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Ed. A. F. von Pauly, G. Wissowa et al. Stuttgart. Bd. XI.1: 838–844.
Marcotte D. (1998). “La climatologie d’Ératosthène à Poséidonios: genèse d’une science humaine”. G. Argoud, J.Y. Guillaumin (eds.). Sciences exactes et sciences appliquées à Alexandrie (IIIe siècle av J.C. – Ier ap J.C.). Saint Etienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint Etienne: 263–277.
Neugebauer O. (1975). A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag: 43–45, 333–336, 725–733.
Shcheglov D.A. (2004/2006). “Ptolemy’s System of Seven Climata and Eratosthenes’ Geography”. Geographia Antiqua 13: 21–37.
Shcheglov D.A. (2006): “Eratosthenes’ Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata”. Klio 88: 351–359.
Szabó Á. (1992). Das geozentrische Weltbild. Astronomie, Geographie und Mathematik der Griechen. München: Dt. TaschenbuchVerlag. 377 S.
Szabó Á., Maula E. (1986). Les débuts de l’astronomie de la géographie et de la trigonométrie chez les grecs. Traduit par M. Federspiel. Paris: Libr. philos. J. Vrin. 238 p.

English Journal

A microclimate study on hypogea environments of ancient roman building.

Scatigno C1, Gaudenzi S2, Sammartino MP3, Visco G3.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2016 May 24;566-567:298-305. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.050. [Epub ahead of print]
Roman hypogea, vernacular settlements or crypts, are underground places characterised by specific and unique challenges (RH<90% and almost constant temperature throughout the whole year) related to their relative isolation from the outdoor environment. These sites often require adequate monitorin
PMID 27232960

An Efficient and Reliable Statistical Method for Estimating Functional Connectivity in Large Scale Brain Networks Using Partial Correlation.

Wang Y1, Kang J2, Kemmer PB1, Guo Y1.
Frontiers in neuroscience.Front Neurosci.2016 Mar 31;10:123. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00123. eCollection 2016.
Currently, network-oriented analysis of fMRI data has become an important tool for understanding brain organization and brain networks. Among the range of network modeling methods, partial correlation has shown great promises in accurately detecting true brain network connections. However, the appli
PMID 27242395

Polymer-based microfluidic chip for rapid and efficient immunomagnetic capture and release of Listeria monocytogenes.

Malic L1, Zhang X, Brassard D, Clime L, Daoud J, Luebbert C, Barrere V, Boutin A, Bidawid S, Farber J, Corneau N, Veres T.
Lab on a chip.Lab Chip.2015 Oct 21;15(20):3994-4007. doi: 10.1039/c5lc00852b. Epub 2015 Sep 8.
Infections caused by foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes pose a threat to public health while timely detection is challenging due to pathogen low numbers. The development of robust and efficient sample preparation techniques is crucial to improve detection sensitivity and workflow. Im
PMID 26346021

Japanese Journal

気候変動指数を用いた北太平洋における航海時間と気候変動の関係：大圏航路

嶋田陽一,高橋桂子,塩谷茂明
土木学会論文集B3（海洋開発） 67(2), I_850-I_855, 2011
　航海に対して気候変動の影響を調べる基礎研究として、気候変動指数(北太平洋指数)を使って北太平洋における航海時間と気候変動の関係を調べた。東京とサンフランシスコ間の大圏航路上の航海シミュレーションを実行した。気候変動(大規模な大気変動)、波浪、航海はそれぞれ異なる時間及び空間スケールであるが、単純な処理したデータにもかかわらず、夏季及び秋季において航海と気候変動の関係がある可能性を示した。しかし、 …
NAID 130004558516

慢性咳嗽に防已黄耆湯加麻黄が有効であった4例

小川恵子,関矢信康,笠原裕司 [他],地野充時,来村昌紀,木俣有美子,奥見裕邦,大野賢二,並木隆雄,秋葉哲生,寺澤捷年
日本東洋醫學雜誌 = Japanese journal of oriental medicine 61(3), 337-344, 2010-05-20
防已黄耆湯は，『金匱要略』を原典とする方剤で，方後に「喘する者には麻黄半両を加う」と記されている。我々は，風湿あるいは風水と考えられる慢性咳嗽に対して，防已黄耆湯加麻黄を投与し，奏効した4症例を経験した。これらの症例では，身重く感じる，汗をかきやすい，身体が冷えやすい，という自覚症状と，色白で，右寸口の脈が弱いという他覚所見が共通していた。また，全例で，咳嗽のみならず，随伴症状の改善も認められた。 …
NAID 10030705268

京都の町家軒先の「諸役免除札・寄宿免許札」

丸山俊明
日本建築学会計画系論文集 73(624), 415-420, 2008-02-28
… The Imperial court award town people who was in close connection, therefore feudal firemen hesitate to clime on this house roof, for scared the authority of Imperial court. …
NAID 110006572426

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[1] Abel K. (1974). "Zone". Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Ed. A. F. von Pauly, G. Wissowa et al. Stuttgart. Suppl.-Bd. XIV: 989–1188.

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