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Circovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Circoviridae. Birds (such as pigeons^[1] and ducks^[2]) and pigs^[3] serve as natural hosts, though dogs have been shown to be infected as well.^[4] There are currently 11 species in this genus including the type species Porcine circovirus-1. Diseases associated with this genus include: PCV-1: non pathogenic PCV-2: postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS).^[5]^[6]

Taxonomy

Group: ssDNA

Order: Unassigned

Family: Circoviridae
- Genus: Circovirus
  Beak and feather disease virus
  
  Canary circovirus
  
  Duck circovirus
  
  Finch circovirus
  
  Goose circovirus
  
  Gull circovirus
  
  Pigeon circovirus
  
  Porcine circovirus-1
  
  Porcine circovirus-2
  
  Starling circovirus
  
  Swan circovirus

^[6]

Structure

Viruses in Circovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and Round geometries, and T=1 symmetry. The diameter is around 17 nm. Genomes are circular and non-segmented.^[5]

The virions of Circoviruses are surprisingly small, with diameters ranging from 17 up to 22 nm.^[7]

Genus	Structure	Symmetry	Capsid	Genomic Arrangement	Genomic Segmentation
Circovirus	Icosahedral	T=1	Non-Enveloped	Circular	Monopartite

Life Cycle

Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the ssDNA rolling circle model. Dna templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and nuclear pore export. Birds and pig serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral and parental.^[5]

Genus	Host Details	Tissue Tropism	Entry Details	Release Details	Replication Site	Assembly Site	Transmission
Circovirus	Birds; pigs	None	Cell receptor endocytosis	Budding	Nucleus	Nucleus	Horizontal; oral-fecal

References

^ Marlier, D; Vindevogel, H (Jul 2006). "Viral infections in pigeons.". Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) 172 (1): 40–51. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.02.026. PMID 16772130.
^ Zhang, XX; Liu, SN; Xie, ZJ; Kong, YB; Jiang, SJ (Jun 2012). "Complete genome sequence analysis of duck circovirus strains from Cherry Valley duck.". Virologica Sinica 27 (3): 154–64. doi:10.1007/s12250-012-3214-4. PMID 22684469.
^ Chae, C (Mar 2012). "Porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in Korea.". Virus research 164 (1–2): 107–13. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.013. PMID 22027190.
^ Vogelsang, Jessica (September 14, 2013). "5 Things You Need to Know About the 'Circovirus Outbreak'". Yahoo News.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Circovirus#Virion_Structure_of_a_Circovirus

External Links

Viralzone: Circovirus
ICTV
Circovirus – MicrobeWiki

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児に対するロタウイルスワクチン rotavirus vaccines for infants

English Journal

Expression of antigenic epitopes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a modified live-attenuated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine virus (PCV1-2a) as a potential bivalent vaccine against both PCV2 and PRRSV.

Piñeyro PE1, Kenney SP2, Giménez-Lirola LG3, Heffron CL2, Matzinger SR2, Opriessnig T4, Meng XJ5.
Virus research.Virus Res.2015 Dec 2;210:154-64. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.07.027. Epub 2015 Jul 31.
Co-infection of pigs in the field with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is common and poses a major concern in effective control of PCV2 and PRRSV. We previously demonstrated that insertion of foreign epitope tags in the C-terminus of P
PMID 26239318

Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of a new porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strain in China.

Zhang D1, He K2, Wen L3, Fan H4.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2015 Dec;160(12):3149-51. doi: 10.1007/s00705-015-2615-8. Epub 2015 Sep 23.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent associated with several pig diseases that are collectively referred to as porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). Unfortunately, PCV2 has had a serious economic impact on the swine industry. In this study, we report the genome sequence
PMID 26395090

The PD-L1/CD86 ratio is increased in dendritic cells co-infected with porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and the PD-L1/PD-1 axis is associated with anergy, apoptosis, and the induction of regulatory T-cells in porcine lymphocytes.

Richmond O1, Cecere TE2, Erdogan E1, Meng XJ1, Piñeyro P1, Subramaniam S1, Todd SM1, LeRoith T1.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2015 Nov 18;180(3-4):223-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.014. Epub 2015 Sep 21.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continue to have a negative economic impact on global swine production operations. Host immune modulations that potentiate disease during PCV2 and/or PRRSV infections are important areas of ongoing resea
PMID 26446939

Japanese Journal

症例報告豚サーコウイルス2型および豚繁殖・呼吸障害症候群ウイルスの混合感染豚で認められた全身性出血を主徴とする豚サルモネラ症の1例

獣医畜産新報 70(9), 675-680, 2017-09
NAID 40021319770

Expression of PCV2 antigen in the ovarian tissues of gilts

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 78(3), 457-461, 2016
NAID 130005140906

Enhancement of the immunogenicity of a porcine circovirus type 2 DNA vaccine by a recombinant plasmid coexpressing capsid protein and porcine interleukin-6 in mice