churl

　

WordNet

1. rude and boorish
2. having a bad disposition; surly; "churlish as a bear"- Shakespeare
3. in a churlish manner; "the store owner treated his customers churlishly" (同)surlily

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 無作法者 / いなか者
2. 粗野な,無作法な,不愛想な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/16 08:36:43」(JST)

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A churl (etymologically the same name as Charles / Carl and Old High German karal), in its earliest Old English (Anglo-Saxon) meaning, was simply "a man", and more particularly a "husband", but the word soon came to mean "a non-servile peasant", still spelled ċeorl(e), and denoting the lowest rank of freemen. According to the Oxford English Dictionary it later came to mean the opposite of the nobility and royalty, "a common person". Says Chadwick:

the distinction between thegn and ceorl is from the time of Aethelstan the broad line of demarcation between the classes of society.

This meaning held through the 15th century, but by then the word had taken on negative overtone, meaning "a country person" and then "a low fellow". By the 19th century, a new and pejorative meaning arose, "one inclined to uncivil or loutish behaviour" (cf. the pejorative sense of the term boor, whose original meaning of "country person" or "farmer" is preserved in Dutch and Afrikaans boer and German Bauer, although the latter has its own pejorative connotations such as those prompting its use as the name for the chess piece known in English as a pawn. Also the word villain - derived from Anglo-French and Old French and originally meaning "farmhand" - had gone through a similar process to reach at its present meaning).

The ċeorles of Anglo-Saxon times lived in a largely free society, and one in which their fealty was principally to their king. Their low status is shown by their werġild ("man-price"), which over a large part of England was fixed at 200 shillings (one-sixth that of a theġn). Agriculture was largely community-based and communal in open-field systems. This freedom was eventually eroded by the increase in power of feudal lords and the manorial system. Some scholars argue however that anterior to the encroachment of the manorial system the ċeorles owed various services and rents to local lords and powers.

In the North Germanic (Scandinavian) languages, the word Karl has the same root as churl and meant originally a "free man". As "housecarl", it came back to England. In German, Kerl is used to describe a somewhat rough and common man and is no longer in use as a synonym for a common soldier (die langen Kerls of Frederick the Great of Prussia). Rígsþula, a poem in the Poetic Edda, explains the social classes as originating from the three sons of Ríg: Thrall, Karl and Earl (Þræl, Karl and Jarl). This story has been interpreted in the context of the proposed trifunctional hypothesis of Proto-Indo-European society.

Cognates to the word ceorle are frequently found in place names, throughout the Anglophone world, in towns such as Carlton and Charlton, meaning "the farm of the churls". Names such as Carl and Charles are derived from cognates of churl or ċeorle.

While the word churl went down in the social scale, the first name derived from the same etymological source ("Karl" in German, "Charles" in French and English, "Carlos" in Spanish etc.) remained prestigious enough to be used frequently by many European royal families - owing originally to the fame of Charlemagne, to which was added that of later illustrious kings and emperors of the same name. Król, the Polish word for "king", is also derived from the same origin.

Current use

In most Germanic languages this word did not take on the English meaning of "lowly peasant" and retains its original meaning of "fellow, guy"; cf. West Frisian kearel, archaic tsjerl, tsjirl, Dutch kerel, Low German Kerl (also borrowed into German), Swedish karl, and so on.

See also

• Carl (name)
• Housecarl
• Carlin stone
• Ceorl (disambiguation)

References

English Journal

• Clinical outcomes and treatment cost comparison of levalbuterol versus albuterol in hospitalized adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma.

• Brunetti L1, Poiani G1, Dhanaliwala F1, Poppiti K1, Kang H1, Suh DC2.
• American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.Am J Health Syst Pharm.2015 Jun 15;72(12):1026-35. doi: 10.2146/ajhp140551.
• PURPOSE: Results of a prospective study comparing clinical outcomes and costs of levalbuterol versus albuterol therapy for exacerbations of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are presented.METHODS: In a single-center open-label study, selected adults hospitalized for asthma or CO
• PMID 26025994

Japanese Journal

• Frequency-tunable bandstop-bandpass dual-function microwave filter

• , , , ,
• IEICE Electronics Express advpub(0), 2015
• This letter presents a frequency-tunable, dual-function, microwave filter with both bandpass and bandstop functionalities. The filter uses a single switch to change the functionality minimizing the in …
• NAID 130005069983

• Impurity segregation behavior in polycrystalline silicon ingot grown with variation of electron-beam power

• Lee Jun-Kyu,Lee Jin-Seok,Jang Bo-Yun,Kim Joon-Soo,Ahn Young-Soo,Cho Churl-Hee
• Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53(8S3), 08NJ05, 2014-07-28
• Electron beam melting (EBM) systems have been used to improve the purity of metallurgical grade silicon feedstock for photovoltaic application. Our advanced EBM system is able to effectively remove vo …
• NAID 150000109596

• ニッケル-炭素電析膜の不動態化挙動と表面抵抗

• , , [他], , ,
• Electrochemistry 82(7), 561-565, 2014
• Bipolar plates in fuel cells and redox flow batteries are one of the most expensive components, which become a crucial factor for their commercialization. In this report, nickel and carbon are co-elec …
• NAID 130004787037

Related Links

• Churl | Definition of Churl by Merriam-Webster

<as far as he was concerned, anyone from outside the city was a backwater churl> <don't bother asking for donations at that house—the churl who lives there believes that charity begins and ends at home>

• Churl - definition of churl by The Free Dictionary

churl (chûrl) n. 1. A rude, boorish person. See Synonyms at boor. 2. A miserly person. 3. a. A ceorl. b. A medieval English peasant. [Middle English, from Old English ceorl, peasant.] Word History: The Old English word ceorl (in ...

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