chilblains

WordNet

1. inflammation of the hands and feet caused by exposure to cold and moisture (同)chilblains, pernio

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. しもやけ,凍傷(frostbite)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/02/08 06:37:16」(JST)

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Chilblain
Toes inflamed by chilblains
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Emergency medicine
ICD-10	T69.1
ICD-9-CM	991.5
DiseasesDB	31219
eMedicine	derm/322
MeSH	D002647

Chilblains (/ˈtʃɪlbleɪnz/) — also known as pernio, Chill Burns and perniosis — is a medical condition that occurs when a predisposed individual is exposed to cold and humidity, causing tissue damage. It is often confused with frostbite and trench foot. Damage to capillary beds in the skin causes redness, itching, inflammation, and sometimes blisters. Chilblains can be reduced by keeping the feet and hands warm in cold weather, and avoiding extreme temperature changes. Chilblains can be idiopathic (spontaneous and unrelated to another disease), but may also be a manifestation of another serious medical condition that needs to be investigated. A history of chilblains is suggestive of a connective tissue disease (such as lupus). Chilblains in infants, together with severe neurologic disease and unexplained fevers, can be seen in Aicardi–Goutières syndrome, a rare inherited condition.

Signs and symptoms

Chilblains from excessively icing the feet

The areas most affected are the toes, fingers, earlobes, nose.

• Blistering of affected area
• Burning and itching sensation in extremities
• Dermatitis in extremities
• Digital ulceration (severe cases only)
• Erythema (blanchable redness of the skin)
• Pain in affected area
• Skin discoloration, red to dark blue

Chilblains usually heal within 7–14 days.

Prevention

Exposure

• Avoid rapid changes in temperature (including from cold to hot).
• Wear warm shoes, socks and gloves.
• Wear a hat and a scarf to protect the ears and the nose.
• Avoid tight fitting socks/shoes.
• Place cotton wool between the toes to improve circulation.
• Recommend soaking in warm water with Epsom salts for 15–20 minutes, 3–4 times a day. Avoid very hot water.

Other

• Healthy diet, low in inflammatory foods
• Exercise at least four times a week to improve circulation

Treatment

• Keep area warm, and avoid any extreme temperature changes (including very hot water).
• Keep affected area dry.
• Use a topical steroid cream to relieve itch.
• Nifedipine, a vasodilator, may be used in more severe or recurrent cases.Vasodilation helps reduce pain, facilitate healing and prevent recurrences. It is typically available in an oral pill but can be compounded into a topical formula.
• Diltiazem, a vasodilator, may also be used.
• Apply a mixture of friar's balsam and a weak iodine solution.
• Avoid restricting the affected area.
• A common tradition of Hispanic America recommends to apply warm garlic on the chilblains.

History

The medieval Bald's Leechbook recommended that chilblains be treated with a mix of eggs, wine, and fennel root.

See also

• Equestrian perniosis
• Erythrocyanosis crurum

References

External links

• DermAtlas 1683395337

• Cold stress, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
•  "Chilblains". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 134. 

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 凍瘡（しもやけ） pernio chilblains
• 2. 全身性エリテマトーデスの皮膚粘膜症状 mucocutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus
• 3. サルコイドーシスの皮膚症状 cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis
• 4. 凍傷 frostbite
• 5. クリオフィブリノゲン血症 cryofibrinogenemia

English Journal

• Musculoskeletal manifestations of Fabry disease: A retrospective study.

• Lidove O1, Zeller V2, Chicheportiche V3, Meyssonnier V2, Sené T2, Godot S2, Ziza JM2.
• Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme.Joint Bone Spine.2015 Dec 14. pii: S1297-319X(15)00273-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.11.001. [Epub ahead of print]
• OBJECTIVES: Fabry disease is a rare X-linked metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A. Both males and females can be affected. The main presenting symptom is pain in the extremities, whereas at a more advanced stage, the manifestations include hypertrophic
• PMID 26697993

• [Type I interferonopathies].

• Munoz J1, Marque M1, Dandurand M1, Meunier L2, Crow YJ3, Bessis D4.
• Annales de dermatologie et de vénéréologie.Ann Dermatol Venereol.2015 Nov;142(11):653-63. doi: 10.1016/j.annder.2015.06.018. Epub 2015 Sep 9.
• Type I interferonopathies are a group of Mendelian disorders characterized by a common physiopathology: the up-regulation of type I interferons. To date, interferonopathies include Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, familial chilblain lupus, spondyenchondromatosis, PRoteasome-associated auto-inflammator
• PMID 26363997

Japanese Journal

• D212 1 個の赤血球を含む微小血管内流の熱伝達に関する数値シミュレーション

• 奥 雅樹,弓削 拓治,萩原 良道
• 日本流体力学会年会講演論文集 2002, 300-301, 2002-07-23
• … Numerical simulation has been carried out for heat transfer of laminar channel flow with an immiscible, high-viscosity droplet, in order to elucidate the heat transfer in micro vessels in case of skin burns or chilblains. …
• NAID 110003948100

• Physical Characteristics and Living Environment in Female Students with Cold Constitution.

• 大和 孝子,青峰 正裕
• 総合健診 29(5), 878-884, 2002
• … We studied the relationships between the physical characteristics and the living environment in female students with cold constitution (cold group) by a questionnaire method.<BR>More than a half of the students investigated felt chillness in toes, legs, fingers, arms, waist and etc., and they suffered from the paralysis of arms and legs, chilblains, as well as sleeplessness induced by cold. …
• NAID 130004062449

Related Links

• Chilblainsとは - goo Wikipedia (ウィキペディア)

Chilblains (/ ˈ tʃ ɪ l b l eɪ n z /; also known as pernio and perniosis) [1] is a medical condition that occurs when a predisposed individual is exposed to cold and humidity, causing tissue damage. It is often confused with frostbite and trench foot

• Chilblains - NHS Choices

Chilblains are small, itchy swellings on the skin that occur as a reaction to cold temperatures. They most often affect the body's extremities, such as the toes. ... peaches79 said on 17 January 2014 Yup, I second the pee remedy.

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