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関: Cetacea

WordNet

of or relating to whales and dolphins etc (同)cetaceous
large aquatic carnivorous mammal with fin-like forelimbs no hind limbs, including: whales; dolphins; porpoises; narwhals (同)cetacean mammal, blower
an order of Eutheria (同)order Cetacea

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/30 17:28:07」(JST)

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The order Cetacea /sɨˈteɪʃ(i)ə/ includes the marine mammals commonly known as whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Cetus is Latin and is used in biological names to mean whale. Its original meaning, large sea animal, was more general. It comes from Ancient Greek κῆτος (kētos), meaning whale or "any huge fish or sea monster." In Greek mythology, the monster Perseus defeated was called Ceto, which is depicted by the constellation of Cetus. Cetology is the branch of marine science associated with the study of cetaceans.

Fossil evidence suggests that cetaceans share a common ancestor with land-dwelling mammals that began living in marine environments around 50 million years ago. Today, they are the mammals best adapted to aquatic life. The body of a cetacean is fusiform (spindle-shaped). The forelimbs are modified into flippers. The tiny hindlimbs are vestigial; they do not attach to the backbone and are hidden within the body. The tail has horizontal flukes. Cetaceans are nearly hairless, and are insulated from the cooler water they inhabit by a thick layer of blubber.

Some species are noted for their high intelligence. At the 2012 meeting in Vancouver, Canada, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (the world's largest science conference), support was reiterated for a cetacean bill of rights, listing cetaceans as non-human persons.^[2]

Physical characteristics[edit]

Respiration[edit]

A dolphin in the Strait of Gibraltar

Cetaceans breathe air. They surface periodically to exhale carbon dioxide and inhale a fresh supply of oxygen. During diving, a muscular action closes the blowholes (nostrils), which remain closed until the cetacean comes to the surface; when it surfaces, the muscles open the blowholes and warm air is exhaled.

Cetaceans' blowholes have evolved to a position at the top of the head, simplifying breathing in sometimes rough seas. When the stale air, warmed from the lungs, is exhaled, it condenses as it meets colder external air. As with a terrestrial mammal breathing out on a cold day, a small cloud of 'steam' appears. This is called the 'blow' or 'spout' and varies by species in terms of shape, angle and height. Species can be identified at a distance using this characteristic.

Cetaceans can remain under water for much longer periods than most other mammals, (about seven to 120 minutes, varying by species) due to large physiological differences. Two studied advantages of cetacean physiology let this order (and other marine mammals) forage underwater for extended periods without breathing:

Mammalian myoglobin concentrations in skeletal muscle have much variation. New Zealand white rabbits have 0.08 grams (0.0028 oz) +/- 0.6 grams (0.021 oz) myoglobin in 100 grams (3.5 oz) of wet muscle,^[3] whereas a northern bottlenose whale has 6.34 grams (0.224 oz).^[4] Myoglobin, by nature, has a higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin. The higher the myoglobin concentration in skeletal muscle, the longer the animal can stay underwater.
Increased body size also increases maximum dive duration. Greater body size implies increased muscle mass and increased oxygen stores. Cetaceans also obey Kleiber's law, which states that mass and metabolic rate are inversely related, i.e., larger animals consume less oxygen than smaller animals per unit mass.

Vision, hearing and echolocation[edit]

Cetacean eyes are set on the sides rather than the front of the head. This means only cetaceans with pointed 'beaks' (such as dolphins) have good binocular vision forward and downward. Tear glands secrete greasy tears, which protect the eyes from the salt in the water. The lens is almost spherical, which is most efficient at focusing the minimal light that reaches deep water. Cetaceans make up for their generally poor vision (with the exception of the dolphin) with excellent hearing.

The external ear of cetaceans has lost the pinna (visible ear) but still retains an extremely narrow external auditory meatus. To register sounds, instead, the posterior part of the mandible has a thin lateral wall (the pan bone) behind which a concavity houses a large fat pad. The fat pad passes anteriorly into the greatly enlarged mandibular foramen to reach in under the teeth, and posteriorly to reach the thin lateral wall of the ectotympanic. The ectotympanic only offers a reduced attachment area for the tympanic membrane and the connection between this auditory complex and the rest of the skull is reduced in cetaceans — to a single, small cartilage in oceanic dolphins. In odontocetes, the complex is surrounded by spongy tissue filled with air spaces, while in mysticetes it is integrated into the skull similar to land mammals. In odontocetes, the tympanic membrane (or ligament) has the shape of a folded-in umbrella that stretches from the ectotympanic ring and narrows off to the malleus (quite unlike the flat, circular membrane found in land mammals.) In mysticetes, it also forms a large protrusion (known as the "glove finger"), which stretches into the external meatus, and the stapes are larger than in odontocetes. In some small sperm whales, the malleus is fused with the ectotympanic. The ear ossicles are pachyosteosclerotic (dense and compact) in cetaceans and very different in shape compared to land mammals (other aquatic mammals, such as sirenians and earless seals, have also lost their pinnae). In modern cetaceans, the semicircular canals are much smaller relative to body size than in other mammals.^[5]

In modern cetaceans, the auditory bulla is separated from the skull and composed of two compact and dense bones (the periotic and tympanic) referred to as the tympano-periotic complex. This complex is located in a cavity in the middle ear, which, in Mysticeti, is divided by a bony projection and compressed between the exoccipital and squamosal but, in Odontoceti, is large and completely surrounds the bulla (hence called "peribullar"), which is therefore not connected to the skull except in physeterids. In odontoceti, the cavity is filled with a dense foam in which the bulla hangs suspended in five or more sets of ligaments. The pterygoid and peribullar sinuses that form the cavity tend to be more developed in shallow water and riverine species than in pelagic mysticeti. In odontoceti, the composite auditory structure is thought to serve as an acoustic isolator, analogous to the lamellar construction found in the temporal bone in bats.^[6]

Odontoceti (toothed whales, which includes dolphins and porpoises) are generally capable of echolocation.^[7] From this, Odontoceti can discern the size, shape, surface characteristics, distance and movement of an object. With this ability, cetaceans can search for, chase and catch fast-swimming prey in total darkness. Echolocation is so advanced in most Odontoceti, they can distinguish between prey and nonprey (such as humans or boats); captive Odontoceti can be trained to distinguish between, for example, balls of different sizes or shapes. Mysticeti (baleen whales) have exceptionally thin, wide basilar membranes in their cochleae without stiffening agents, making their ears adapted for processing low to infrasonic frequencies.^[8]

Cetaceans also use sound to communicate, whether it be groans, moans, whistles, clicks or the complex 'singing' of the humpback whale.

Besides hearing and vision, at least one species, the tucuxi or Guiana dolphin, is able to use electroreception to sense prey.^[9]

Feeding[edit]

The toothed whales, such as the sperm whale, beluga, dolphins and porpoises, have teeth they use for catching fish, squid or other marine life. They do not chew, but swallow prey whole. When they catch large prey, such as when the killer whale (Orcinus orca) catches a seal, they bite off and swallow one chunk at a time.

Instead of teeth, Mysticeti have baleen plates made of keratin (the same substance as human fingernails), which hang from the upper jaw. These plates filter small animals (such as krill and fish) from the seawater. Cetaceans included in this group include the blue, humpback, bowhead and minke whales.

Not all Mysticeti feed on plankton; the larger species eat small shoaling fish, such as herring and sardines, called micronecton. The gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), is a benthic feeder, primarily eating sea-floor crustaceans.

Taxonomy[edit]

The order Cetacea contains about 90 species, all marine except for four species of freshwater dolphins. The order contains two suborders: Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales, which includes dolphins and porpoises). The species range in size from Commerson's dolphin, smaller than a human, to the Blue Whale, the largest animal ever known to have lived.

Cetaceans are mammals, that is, members of the class Mammalia. Their closest living relatives are the even-toed ungulates, such as the hippopotamus and deer.^[10]^[11]

Cetartiodactyla

Tylopoda

Artiofabula

Suina

Cetruminantia

Ruminantia

Whippomorpha

	Hippopotamidae

	Cetacea

Mammalian characteristics include warm-bloodedness, breathing air through their lungs, suckling their young and growing hair, although very little of it.

Another way of distinguishing a cetacean from a fish is the shape of the tail. Fish tails are vertical and move from side to side when the fish swims. Cetacea tails — called a fluke — are horizontal and move up and down, because cetacea spines bend in the same manner as a human spine.

Evolution[edit]

Mysticeti vs Odontoceti[edit]

Fossils indicate that before evolving baleen, Mysticeti also had teeth, so defining the Odontoceti via teeth alone is problematic. Instead, paleontologists have identified other features uniting fossil and modern odontocetes that are not shared by Mysticetes. It was also assumed that toothed whales evolved their asymmetrical skulls as an adaptation to their echolocation, but newer discoveries indicate that the common ancestor of the present whales actually had a contorted skull as well. Cranial asymmetry is now known to have evolved in ancient whales as part of a set of traits linked to directional hearing, including pan-bone thinning of the lower jaws, the development of mandibular fat pads, and the isolation of the ear region.^[13] This likely means that, while the asymmetry in the Odontoceti skull has increased over time, the Mysticeti skull has evolved from asymmetrical to symmetrical.^[14]

Characteristic	Odontoceti	Mysticeti
Feeding	Echolocation, fast	Filter feeder, not fast
Size	Smaller (except Sperm whale and Beaked Whale)	Larger (except pygmy right whale)
Blowhole	One	Two
Dentition	Teeth	Baleen plates
Melon	Ovoid, in anterior facial region	Vestigial or none
Skull and facial tissue	Dorsally asymmetric	Symmetric
Sexual dimorphism	Some species have larger males	Females always larger
Mandible	Symphyseal (fused anteriorly)	Nonsymphyseal
Pan bone of lower jaw	Yes	No
Maxillae projection	Outward over expanded supraorbital processes	Under eye orbit, with bony protuberance anterior to eye orbit
Olfactory nerve and bulb	Absent^[15]	Vestigial^[16]
Periotic bone	External to skull, fused with tympanic bulla	Fused with skull^[17]

Classification[edit]

Size comparison of nearly all known extant cetacean species. Note the human diver at lower right for scale.

See also: List of cetaceans and List of extinct cetaceans

The classification here closely follows Dale W. Rice, Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution (1998), which has become the standard taxonomy reference in the field. There is very close agreement between this classification and that of Mammal Species of the World: 3rd Edition (Wilson and Reeder eds., 2005). Any differences are noted using the abbreviations "Rice"^[18] and "MSW3"^[1] respectively. Further differences due to recent discoveries are also noted.

Discussion of synonyms and subspecies are relegated to the relevant genus and species articles.

ORDER CETACEA
- Suborder Mysticeti: Baleen whales
  - Family Balaenidae: Right whales and bowhead whale
    - Genus Balaena
      - Bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus
    - Genus Eubalaena – Rice considered the three right whales as subspecies of Balaena glacialis
      - North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis
      - North Pacific right whale, Eubalaena japonica
      - Southern right whale, Eubalaena australis
  - Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals
    - Subfamily Balaenopterinae
      - Genus Balaenoptera
        
        Common minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata
        
        Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis
        
        Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis
        
        Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera brydei
        
        Eden's whale Balaenoptera edeni – Rice lists this as a separate species, MSW3 does not
        
        Omura's whale – Balaenoptera omurai - MSW3 lists this is a synonym of Bryde's whale but suggests this may be temporary.
        
        Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus
        
        Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus
    - Subfamily Megapterinae
      - Genus Megaptera
        
        Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae
  - Family Eschrichtiidae
    - Genus Eschrichtius
      - Gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus
  - Family Cetotheriidae
    - Genus Caperea
      - Pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata
- Suborder Odontoceti: toothed whales
  - Family Delphinidae: Dolphin
    - Genus Cephalorhynchus
      - Commerson's dolphin, Cephalorhyncus commersonii
      - Chilean dolphin, Cephalorhyncus eutropia
      - Heaviside's dolphin, Cephalorhyncus heavisidii
      - Hector's dolphin, Cephalorhyncus hectori
    - Genus Delphinus
      - Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis
      - Short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis
      - Arabian common dolphin, Delphinus tropicalis. Rice recognises this as a separate species. MSW3 does not.
    - Genus Feresa
      - Pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata
    - Genus Globicephala
      - Short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhyncus
      - Long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas
    - Genus Grampus
      - Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus
    - Genus Lagenodelphis
      - Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei
    - Genus Lagenorhynchus
      - Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus
      - White-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris
      - Peale's dolphin, Lagenorhynchus australis
      - Hourglass dolphin, Lagenorhynchus cruciger
      - Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
      - Dusky dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obscurus
    - Genus Lissodelphis
      - Northern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis
      - Southern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis peronii
    - Genus Orcaella
      - Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris
        
        Australian snubfin dolphin, Orcaella heinsohni A 2005 discovery, thus it is not recognized by Rice or MSW3 and subject to revision.
    - Genus Orcinus
      - Killer whale, Orcinus orca
    - Genus Peponocephala
      - Melon-headed whale, Peponocephala electra
    - Genus Pseudorca
      - False killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens
    - Genus Sotalia
      - Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis, see the species article for a discussion
      - Costero, Sotalia guianensis, see the species article for a discussion
    - Genus Sousa
      - Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis
      - Indian humpback dolphin, Sousa plumbea
      - Atlantic humpback dolphin, Sousa teuszii
    - Genus Stenella
      - Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata
      - Clymene dolphin, Stenella clymene
      - Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba
      - Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis
      - Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris
    - Genus Steno
      - Rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis
    - Genus Tursiops – Rice and MSW3 tentatively agree on this classification, but see species article for more detail.
      - Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops aduncus
      - Burrunan dolphin, Tursiops australis
      - Common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus
  - Family Monodontidae
    - Genus Delphinapterus
      - Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas
    - Genus Monodon
      - Narwhal, Monodon monoceros
  - Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises
    - Genus Neophocaena
      - Finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides
    - Genus Phocoena
      - Spectacled porpoise, Phocoena dioptrica
      - Harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocaena
      - Vaquita, Phocoena sinus
      - Burmeister's porpoise, Phocoena spinipinnis
    - Genus Phocoenoides
      - Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli
  - Family Physeteridae: Sperm whale family
    - Genus Physeter
      - Sperm whale, Physeter catodon (syn. P. macrocephalus)
  - Family Kogiidae – MSW3 treats Kogia as a member of Physeteridae
    - Genus Kogia
      - Pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps
      - Dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima
  - Superfamily Platanistoidea: River dolphins
    - Family Iniidae
      - Genus Inia
        
        Amazon river dolphin, Inia geoffrensis
        
        Bolivian river dolphin, Inia boliviensis
    - Family Lipotidae – MSW3 treats Lipotes as a member of Iniidae
      - Genus Lipotes
        
        Baiji, Lipotes vexillifer
    - Family Pontoporiidae – MSW3 treats Pontoporia as a member of Iniidae
      - Genus Pontoporia
        
        La Plata dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei
    - Family Platanistidae
      - Genus Platanista
        
        Ganges and Indus River dolphin, Platanista gangetica. MSW3 treats Platanista minor as a separate species, with common names Ganges River dolphin and Indus River dolphin, respectively.
  - Superfamily Ziphioidea: Beaked whales
    - Family Ziphidae,
      - Genus Berardius
        
        Arnoux's beaked whale, Berardius arnuxii
        
        Baird's beaked whale (North Pacific bottlenose whale), Berardius bairdii
      - Subfamily Hyperoodontidae
        
        Genus Hyperoodon
        
        Northern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus
        
        Southern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon planifrons
        
        Genus Indopacetus
        
        Indo-Pacific beaked whale (Longman's beaked whale), Indopacetus pacificus
        
        Genus Mesoplodon, Mesoplodont whale
        
        Sowerby's beaked whale, Mesoplodon bidens
        
        Andrews' beaked whale, Mesoplodon bowdoini
        
        Hubbs' beaked whale, Mesoplodon carlhubbsi
        
        Blainville's beaked whale, Mesoplodon densirostris
        
        Gervais' beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus
        
        Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, Mesoplodon ginkgodens
        
        Gray's beaked whale, Mesoplodon grayi
        
        Hector's beaked whale, Mesoplodon hectori
        
        Strap-toothed whale, Mesoplodon layardii
        
        True's beaked whale, Mesoplodon mirus
        
        Perrin's beaked whale, Mesoplodon perrini. This species was recognised in 2002 and as such is listed by MSW3 but not Rice.
        
        Pygmy beaked whale, Mesoplodon peruvianus
        
        Stejneger's beaked whale, Mesoplodon stejnegeri
        
        Spade-toothed whale, Mesoplodon traversii
      - Genus Tasmacetus
        
        Shepherd's beaked whale, Tasmacetus shepherdi
      - Genus Ziphius
        
        Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris

†Recently extinct

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L., Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ "Dolphins deserve same rights as humans, say scientists". BBC News Online. 21 Feb 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
^ Castellini, Michael A.; Somero, George N. (1981). "Buffering capacity of vertebrate muscle: Correlations with potentials for anaerobic function". Journal of comparative physiology 143 (2): 191–198. doi:10.1007/BF00797698.
^ Scholander, Per Fredrik (1940). "Experimental investigations on the respiratory function in diving mammals and birds". Hvalraadets Skrifter (Oslo: Norske Videnskaps-Akademi) 22.
^ Thewissen, J. G. M. (2002). "Hearing". In Perrin, William R.; Wiirsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 570–2. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
^ Ketten, Darlene R. (1992). "The Marine Mammal Ear: Specializations for Aquatic Audition and Echolocation". In Webster, Douglas B.; Fay, Richard R.; Popper, Arthur N. The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing. Springer Verlag. pp. 717–50. Retrieved March 2013. Pages 725–7 used here.
^ Hooker, Sascha K. (2009). Perrin, William F.; Wursig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M., eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2 ed.). 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington Ma. 01803: Academic Press. p. 1176. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.
^ Ketten, Darlene R. (1997). "Structure and function in whale ears". The International Journal of Animal Sound and its Recording 8 (1–2): 103–135. doi:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753356. Retrieved December 2013.
^ Morell, Virginia (July 2011). "Guiana Dolphins Can Use Electric Signals to Locate Prey". Science/AAAS. Retrieved December 2013.
^ University Of Michigan (2001, September 20). "New Fossils Suggest Whales And Hippos Are Close Kin". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
^ Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy (2007, December 21). "Whales Descended From Tiny Deer-like Ancestors". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
^ Thewissen, JGM; Cooper, LN; Clementz, MT; Bajpai, S; Tiwari, BN (2007). "Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India". Nature 450 (7173): 1190–4. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1190T. doi:10.1038/nature06343. PMID 18097400. Retrieved February 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Fahlke, Julia M.; Gingerich, Philip D.; Welsh, Robert C.; Wood, Aaron R. (2011). "Cranial asymmetry in Eocene archaeocete whales and the evolution of directional hearing in water". PNAS 108 (35): 14545–14548. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108927108.
^ Ancient Whales Had Twisted Skulls
^ Dolphin Senses
^ Baleen Whales: Senses
^ Hooker, Sascha K. (2009). "Toothed Whales. Overview". In Perrin, William F.; Wursig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2 ed.). Burlington Ma. 01803: Academic Press. p. 1174. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.
^ Rice, Dale W. (1998). Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Society of Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication No. 4. ISBN 1891276034.

External links[edit]

Wikispecies has information related to: Cetacea

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cetacea.

The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of: Cetacea

Look up Cetacea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

"Cetaceans". Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved February 2011.
Scottish Cetacean Research & Rescue – see page on Taxonomy
"Dolphin and Whale News". Science Daily. Retrieved March 2010.
Futuyma, Douglas J. (1998). "Cetacea Evolution". Retrieved 2010.
EIA Cetacean campaign: Reports and latest info.
EIA in USA: reports etc.

English Journal

Development of the Skull of the Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata).

Moran MM, Nummela S, Thewissen JG.SourceDepartment of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, Ohio. mmoran1@neoucom.edu.
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007).Anat Rec (Hoboken).2011 Sep 8. doi: 10.1002/ar.21388. [Epub ahead of print]
We describe the bony and cartilaginous structures of five fetal skulls of Stenella attenuata (pantropical spotted dolphin) specimens. The specimens represent early fetal life as suggested by the presence of rostral tactile hairs and the beginnings of skin pigmentation. These specimens exhibit the de
PMID 21901843

Anthropogenic and naturally occurring polybrominated phenolic compounds in the blood of cetaceans stranded along Japanese coastal waters.

Nomiyama K, Eguchi A, Mizukawa H, Ochiai M, Murata S, Someya M, Isobe T, Yamada TK, Tanabe S.SourceCenter for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987).Environ Pollut.2011 Sep 6. [Epub ahead of print]
We determined the residue levels and patterns of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), and related compounds, such as PBDEs, methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), and bromophenols (BPhs) in the blood of eleven cetacean species stranded along the Japanese coasts. The dominant OH- and MeO-
PMID 21903310

Genetic comparison among dolphin morbillivirus in the 1990-1992 and 2006-2008 Mediterranean outbreaks.

Nina BE, Fernando E, Manuel SV.SourceResearch Center for Animal Health (CISA), Epidemiology and Environmental Health Group, Ctra Algete a El Casar, s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain.
Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.Infect Genet Evol.2011 Aug 26. [Epub ahead of print]
In 1990, dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) killed thousands of striped dolphins in the Mediterranean. Subsequently, the prevalence of the infection declined in this species. In 2006-2008, the virus killed not only numerous striped dolphins but also long-finned pilot whales. All partial sequences of the ph
PMID 21888991

Japanese Journal

チンパンジー,イルカに会う (特集海棲哺乳類をめぐる技術)

友永雅己
勇魚 (54), 2-10, 2011-06
NAID 40018937532

津軽海峡におけるカマイルカの来遊個体数推定

松田純佳,岩原由佳,小林沙羅,金子信人,鈴木励,松石隆
日本セトロジー研究 21, 15-18, 2011
… Pacific white-sided dolphin (PWS) Lagenorhynchus obliquidens is the most common cetacean species found in the Tsugaru Strait, Japan. …
NAID 120003225986

平衡段階数, 糖類の種類およびクジラ卵胞液の添加がガラス化クジラ卵子の生存率と成熟率に及ぼす影響

鈴木遥,馬谷真弘,BHUIYAN Mohammad Musharraf Uddin,渡部浩之,茂越敏弘,松岡耕二,藤瀬良弘,石川創,大隅清治,佐々木基樹,福井豊
Japanese journal of zoo and wildlife medicine = 日本野生動物医学会誌 15(2), 65-72, 2010-09-01
本研究では，平衡段階数(3段階と5段階)，クジラ卵胞液の添加および糖類(スクロースとトレハロース)が3種類のヒゲクジラ(イワシ，ニタリおよびミンククジラ)未成熟卵子のガラス化保存後の生存率及び成熟率に及ぼす影響を調査した。さらに卵子微細構造の観察も行った。ニタリクジラでは5段階平衡の生存率が3段階平衡に比べ有意に高くなったが，イワシクジラでは5段階平衡の成熟率が3段階平衡に比べ有意に低くなった。ク …
NAID 10026743800

Related Pictures

Italian version « Swiss Cetacean Society Devenir membre « Swiss Cetacean Society English version « Swiss Cetacean Society Description Cetacean parts.png Cetacean evolution Ateliers Mer Junior Communiqué 14.10.2010 Communiqué 22.06 EXPEDITIONS SCS BALEARES 2015

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リンク元	「クジラ目」「Cetacea」「クジラ類」

「クジラ目」

Cetaceans; Temporal range: 55–0Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Early Eocene – Present
	Humpback whale breaching
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Cetartiodactyla
Order:	Cetacea; Brisson, 1762
Suborders
	Mysticeti; Odontoceti; †Archaeoceti; (see text for families)
Diversity
	Around 88 species.