腸線、カットグット

WordNet

perennial subshrub of eastern North America having downy leaves yellowish and rose flowers and; source of rotenone (同)goat''s rue, wild sweet pea, Tephrosia virginiana
a strong cord made from the intestines of sheep and used in surgery (同)gut

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腸線,ガット(小羊などの腸で作った強いひも・糸で弦楽器の弦,テニスのラケット,外科用縫合糸などに用いる)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/13 23:25:13」(JST)

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A piece of gut cello string

Catgut is a type of cord^[1] that is prepared from the natural fibre found in the walls of animal intestines.^[2] Usually sheep or goat intestines are used, but it is occasionally made from the intestines of cattle,^[3] hogs, horses, mules, or donkeys.^{[citation needed]} Despite its name, no cat intestines are used in catgut.

Etymology

The word catgut may have been an abbreviation of the word "cattlegut". Alternatively, it may have derived by folk etymology from kitgut or kitstring—the word kit, meaning fiddle, having at some point been confused with the word kit for a young cat.^[4]

Production

In order to prepare catgut, the intestines are cleaned, freed from fat, and steeped in water. After that, the external membrane is scraped off with a blunt knife. The intestines are then once again steeped for some time in lye (a caustic alkali, usually potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide), and then smoothed and equalized by drawing out. It is found that lean animals yield the toughest gut.^[5] Next the prepared gut strands are twisted together to make the string. The diameter of the string is determined by the thickness of the individual guts and by the number that are used. For example, a very thin string such as a violin E will use only three or four guts, whereas a very heavy string, such as a double bass string, may use twenty or more. After twisting and drying, the strings are polished to the requisite diameter. Before the twentieth century the strings were simply rubbed with an abrasive to smooth them, while today they are generally ground down to the desired diameter using a centerless grinder. After drying and polishing the strings are bleached using the antiseptic action of the fumes of burning sulfur (i.e. sulfur dioxide), dyed if necessary, and sorted into sizes. Catgut sutures are normally treated with chromium salt solution to resist body enzymes, to slow the absorption process, and are called catgut chromic sutures whereas untreated catgut sutures are called catgut plain sutures.^[6] Before 1900 the best strings for musical instruments were reputedly from Italy. The best were considered to be from Naples, though excellent strings were also produced in Rome and other Italian cities. Today high quality gut strings are produced mostly in Italy, Germany, and the United States, though they are also made elsewhere, for example in India and Morocco, for local use.

Common uses

For a long period, catgut was the most common material for the strings of harps, lutes, violins, violas and cellos, acoustic guitars and other stringed musical instruments, as well as older marching snare drums. Most musical instruments produced today use strings with cores made of other materials, generally steel or synthetic polymer. Gut strings are the natural choice for many classical and baroque string players,^{[citation needed]} and gut strings are still most commonly preferred in concert-tension pedal/grand and some lever harps because they give a richer, darker sound as well as withstanding high tension within low alto, tenor, and high-bass ranges.^{[citation needed]} Acoustic guitars moved away from gut strings in the early 1900s when the C. F. Martin & Company introduced steel strings. These gave greater volume to the guitar. "The demand for steel came from ensemble players, who couldn't make themselves heard clearly without it."^[7] Within a few years the majority of Martin guitars were made with steel strings to accommodate the demand.

Catgut suture was once a widely used material in surgical settings. There is debate about whether to continue using catgut in a medical setting, since cotton is usually cheaper and wounds closed with either cotton or synthetic threads are less prone to infection.^[8] Catgut sutures continue to be used in developing countries where they are locally less expensive and easier to obtain.^{[citation needed]} Natural gut is still used as a high-performance string in tennis racquets, although it had more popularity in the past and is being displaced by synthetic strings.

References

Notes

^ Underwood, Oscar Wilder (1913). "Tariff schedules: Hearings before the Committee on ways and means". Strings for Musical Instruments. p. 5691. Retrieved February 27, 2010. [T]here is no such thing as crude catgut or catgut unmanufactured. Catgut is a manufactured article and a finished product; the crude form are the intestines or guts of sheep or other animals.
^ Roenigk, Randall K.; Henry H. Roenigk. Roenigk & Roenigk's dermatologic surgery: principles and practice. p. 93. Retrieved February 2010. Catgut sutures are derived from the submucosal layer of the small intestine of sheep and the serosal layer of the small intestine of cattle.
^ "The unusual uses for animal body parts". BBC. 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
^ Therapeutic Gazette. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
^ "Workshop Companion". Chestofbooks.com. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
^ "Types of Catgut Sutures". Dolphin Sutures. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
^ de Ste. Croix, Philip, editor - The Complete Guitar Encyclopedia, New York: Paragon Books, 2014, pg. 14
^ iPad iPhone Android TIME TV Populist The Page (1944-02-07). "Cotton vs Catgut". Time.com. Retrieved 2013-10-11.

Sources

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

"Making Gut Strings" by Daniel Larson
Information on catgut sutures from company DOLPHIN Sutures
"Good Gut Strings" by Dimitry Badiarov
"Italian violin strings in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: typologies, manufacturing techniques and principals of stringing" by Mimmo Peruffo

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