catenulate

WordNet

having a chainlike form; "catenulate bacterial cell colonies" (同)chainlike

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Parts of an adult butterfly

This glossary describes terms used in the formal study of insect species by entomologists.

A–C

abdomen

Body of the insect, toward the posterior of the thorax.

acaricide

A chemical employed to kill and control mites and ticks.

acariphagous

feeding on mites (also refers to parasitoids of mites).

accessory gland

Any secondary gland of the glandular system.

accessory pulsatile organs (APOs)

Small muscular pumps and the veins that accompany them that pump hemolymph into the wings.

acetyl choline

Alternative spelling of "acetylcholine".

acrostichal bristles

The two rows of hairs or bristles lying one on either side of the mid-line of the thorax of a true fly.

active space

The space within which the concentration of a pheromone or other behaviorally active substance is concentrated enough to generate the required response, remembering that like light and sound pheromones become more dilute the further they radiate out from their source.

aculeate

(Hymenoptera) Any member of a group of families that include the familiar stinging ants, bees, and social and hunting wasp.

acuminate

Tapering to a long point.

acylurea

A class of insect growth regulators.

adeagus

The part of the male genitalia which is inserted into the female during copulation and which carries the sperm into the female. Its shape is often important in separating closely related species.

adecticous

Of pupa: the state in which the pupa does not possess movable mandibles, the opposite being decticous.

adipocytes

A major cell type of insects that stores fat body and reserves nutrients.

admarginal

(adjective): Along the margin.

aedeagus

The sclerotized terminal portion of the male genital tract that is inserted into the female during insemination.

aestivation

Summer dormancy, entered into when conditions are unfavourable for active life i.e. it is too hot or too dry.

age polyethism

The regular changing of roles of colony members as they get older.

air sac

A dilated portion of a trachea.

alar squama

The middle of three flap-like outgrowths at the base of the wing in various flies.

alary muscles

muscles along the dorsal diaphragm that may perform circulation.

alata

the parthenogenetic winged morph of vividae, specialized for migration.

alate

Winged; having wings.

aldrin

(common name). A synthetic insecticide; a chlorinated hydrocarbon of not less than 95 per cent 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene; moderately toxic to mammals, acute oral LD,, for rats 44 mg/kg; phytotoxicity: none when properly formulated, but some crops are sensitive to solvents in certain formulations.

algophagy

feeding on algae.

aliphatic

A term applied to the "open chain" or fatty series of hydrocarbons.

alitrunk

Name given to the thorax and propodeum of 'wasp-waisted' hymenopterans.

alloparental

When individuals other than the parent assist in the caring for that parents offspring.

allopatric

Two or more forms of a species having essentially separate distributions.

alternating generations

When two generations are produced within a life cycle each producing individuals of only one sex, either male first and then female or vice versa.

altruistic

Self-destructive. or potentially self-destructive behavior performed for the benefit of others.

alula

a broad lobe at the proximal posterior margin of the wing stalk of Diptera.Also termed the axillary lobe.

ambrosia

The fungus cultivated by wood-boring beetles of the family Scolytidae.

ametabola

The insects which develop without metamorphosis, namely the Protura, Thysanura, and Collembola.

amide

Compound derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the hydroxyl of the -COOH by the amino group, -NH₂-.

amine

An organic compound containing nitrogen, derived from ammonia, NH₃, by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by as many hydrocarbon radicals.

amino acid

Organic compounds that contain the amino (NH₂) group and the carboxyl (COOH) group. Amino acids are the "building stones" of proteins.

ammonia

A colorless alkaline gas, NH₃, soluble in water.

anal

Pertaining to last abdominal segment which bears the anus.

anal angle

The posterior corner of the wing (same as tornus).

anal fold

A fold in the inner margin of the hindwing.

anal valves

Exposed claspers at the end of the abdomen.

anaplasmosis

Infection with Anaplasma, a genus of Sporozoa that infests red blood cells.

anasa wilt

A wilt disease of cucurbits caused solely by the feeding of the squash bug, no parasitic microorganism involved.

androconia

(singula = Androconium) In male butterflies, specialised wing scales (often called scent scales) possessing special glands which produce a chemical attractive to females.

androconium or androconia (plural)

Specialised microscopic scales on the wings of male butterflies, believed to be scent scales for attracting the female.

annulate

Formed in ring-like segments or with ring-like markings.

Butterfly antennae shapes

anemic

Deficient in blood quantity or quality.

anteclypeus

the lower (anterior) portion of the clypeus of insects.

antennae

The long feelers situated on the head and close to the eyes. They are however not tactile but used for detecting airborne scents and currents.

In Papilionoidea the antennae end in bulging tips called clubs.
In Hesperioidea they have hooked tips and the club is found just before the tip.
In some Lycaenidae like the genus Liphyra the antenna tapers gradually.

antennation

Touching with the antenna.

antenniferous

Bearing antennae, as in "antenniferous tubercle".

antennomere

A segment of an antenna. The term antennomere is used in particular when the segments are fairly uniform, as in filiform antennae, but it also may be used in referring to segments of odd sizes, shapes and functions, such as the scape and pedicel. More specific terms may be used where there are distinct antennal regions; for example flagellomeres are the antennomeres comprising the flagellum.

anterior

in front of or after the aforementioned structure.

antenodal veins

Small cross-veins at the front of the dragonfly or damselfly wing, between the wing base and the nodus.

anthophagy

feeding on flowers.

antibiosis

An association between two or more organisms that is detrimental to one or more of them.

anticoagulin

A substance antagonistic to the coagulation of blood.

anus

The posterior opening of the digestive tract.

apex / apical area

The anterior corner of the wing.

apical cell

The first posterior cell in the wing of Diptera.It is the space between the third and fourth longitudinal vein beyond the anterior crossvein (R5).

aphidophagy

feeding on aphids (and parasitoids of aphids).

apitherapy

Medicinal use of the honey bee or its products.

arculus

A crossvein between the radius and cubitus near the base of the wing in certain insects.

areola

A small ring of color

arolium

A pad-like median lobe between the tarsal claws.

base / basal area of wing

Region close to the point of attachment to the thorax.

brand

Raised area on the wing surface, circular, ovate, or elongated, which is covered with special scent scales or androconia, found in males of some species. Also called sex mark.

bryophagy

feeding on moss.

Distinction between clavate and capitate anatomy of insect antennae

capitate

Mainly referring to antennae, but occasionally to other anatomical features such as palps: having a clubbed shape with a relatively long, slender stem, but with an abruptly bulkier, thicker, possibly globular distal head, the capitulum. The term capitate is not strictly distinguished from clavate, but where a distinction is desired, it is that the club of a capitate antenna is abruptly distinct from the shaft, and the head tends to be short and more or less globular. The club of a clavate antenna generally is a more or less tapered thickening, sometimes hardly distinct from the shaft.

capitulum

The head of a capitate structure, such as a capitate antenna, or of a capitate haltere

carina

a keel-like elevation (or ridge) on the body-wall of an insect.

carpophagy

feeding on fruits and seeds.

catenulate

Markings consisting of rings connected together like a chain.

catenulated antennae

Antennae with ringed appearance.

cell

The central area surrounded by veins. It can be closed by veins or open.

The vein forming the boundary of the cell along the costal margin is known as the subcostal vein q.v.
The vein forming the lower boundary towards the dorsum is called the median vein.
In the case of butterflies, the cell is closed by a vein connecting the origins of veins 6 to 4 along the top of the cell which is known as discocellular vein.

cell cup

Taxonomically important term used in Diptera identification keys. Part of the schema of wing venation. Also called the posterior cubital cell and often called the anal cell. see File:Phytomyzinae wing veins-1.svg

ceratophagy (Also spelled keratophagy)

feeding on cornified tissues and hair of animals.

cervix

(Anatomical feature) the structure defining the neck of the insect.

chaeta

See Seta.

chalaza

An external spine that has a single point. Etymology: Greek chalasa, a tubercle. cf. scolus, which has multiple points.

cheta

See Seta.

cilia

Fine hairs along the edges of the wing.

clasper or clasp

A structure in male insects that is used to hold the female during copulation.

Clavate antenna of a beetle in the family Erotylidae. In this specimen the clavus comprises three segments

clava

Same as clavus.

clavate

Mainly referring to antennae, but occasionally to other anatomical features such as palps: having a clubbed shape with a relatively long, slender stem, but with a bulkier, thicker distal end, the clava. The term clavate is not strictly distinguished from capitate, but in general, where a distinction is desired, the club of a capitate antenna is abruptly distinct, even globular, whereas the club of a clavate antennae is generally a more or less tapered thickening

claviform stigma

specifically, in Noctuidae (moths)- an elongate spot or mark extending from the anterior transverse anterior line through the submedian interspace, toward and sometimes to the posterior transverse line.

clavola

Same as clavus or club

clavus

1. The thicker distal end of a clavate anatomical structure such as an antenna. Usually comprising more than one joint. Also called clava, clavola, or club

2. The posterior of the portion of the remigium found on insect wings.

3. The oblong sclerite at the base of the inferior margin of the hemelytron in Heteroptera.

4. The knob at the end of the stigmal or radial veins in the wings of certain Hymenoptera.

club

The popular (possibly to be preferred) name for the clavus of a clavate antenna.

clypeus

(Anatomical feature) a sclerite structure below the frons, circumposed by the mandibles and above the labrum.

coccidophagy

feeding on scale insects (and parasitoids of scale insects).

Terms associated with the wings

compound eye

An eye consisting of a large number of individual photoreceptor units or ommatidia (ommatidium, singular).Figure 2 d below

connexivum or connexiva (plural)

(largely in Heteroptera and similarly dorsoventrally flattened insects) the edge of the abdomen, containing the connection between the tergite and sternite. May be visible from above in species such as many of the Reduviidae.

copromycetophagy

inhabiting feces and consuming mycetes growing inside or cultivating them for feeding.

coprophagy

feeding on the excrements of animals.

costa / costal area

The leading edge of the wing.

costal break

Taxonomically important term used in Diptera identification keys. Part of the schema of wing venation. weakenings of the costa (one to three in number). They are flexing points for the wings during flight

coronal suture

(Anatomical feature) an anterior suture line of the head between the compound eyes, below the median ocellus.

coxa

first leg segment, between body and trochanter.

Cremaster of pupa of the oak owl moth, Griposia aprilina

cremaster

A general term for a structure by which an object hangs (from Greek language kremastos, meaning "hung up"); for example in entomology:
in some Lepidoptera, including most butterflies, the pupa attaches to a surface by the cremaster, a structure at the tip of the pupal abdomen. The cremaster is the homologue of the anal plate of the caterpillar. It takes various forms in different species, ranging from a simple point, to various arrangements of hooks that catch Velcro-like in a silken pad that the caterpillar spins on the surface before it enters the prepupal phase.

crenulate

Adjective = scalloped. Describes the outer edge of a wing that is convex at the end of each vein and concave in between.

cuneus

Noun = wedge. Particularly in mirid bugs, a wedge-shaped section of the hemelytra (forewings), located at the apex of the thick, leathery part of the wings.

D–F

decticous: Functional mandibles present in pupal state.
dendrophagy: feeding on trees.
dentate: As for crenulate but with the projections at the end of each wing being toothlike.
detritophagy: feeding on ground remains of plants and animals.
disc / discal area: The central band passing through the cell.
discoidal cell: In damselflies (Zygoptera) a basal quadrangular cell in the wing venation, which is delimited by veins MA (anterior side), MP (posterior side), MAb (distal side) and the arculus (basal side).
dorsum / dorsal area: The trailing edge or hind-margin of the wing, extending from the base to the tornus. Dorsal alternately, also refers to the back, i.e. the upper part of the body, from above.
ectognathous: (Anatomical feature) having exterior mouthparts, or exposed. A defining feature of insects.
empodium: (Anatomical feature) either a bristle-like or pad-like structure between the tarsal claws of Diptera.
encapsulation: the immuno response by plasmatocytes to the presence of parasitoid egg or larvae which results in the formation of a multilayered capsule that causes the parasitoid to sufficate or starve.
entomonecrophagy: feeding on dead arthropods.
entomophagy: feeding on other insects.
epicranius: (Anatomical feature) the top of the anterior structure of the head, or forehead.
erect: The palpi when vertical, i.e. the axis of the palpi is at right angles to the axis of the body.
exarate: Pupae with their legs and other appendages free and extended.
eyespots or ocelli: Spots resembling mammalian eyes. Can also refer to simple eyes.
face: the area between the base of antennae, oral margin, eyes and cheeks (gena). See figure 3.
fascia (plural fasciae): A color pattern with a broad band.
femur: third leg segment, between trochanter and tibia.
flagellomere: an antennomere comprising part of the flagellum.
flagellum: the part of the antenna distal to the pedicel composed of one or more segments, called flagellomeres.
foramen magnum: (Anatomical feature) the posterior opening of the head capsule, covered by the cervix.
forewing: (Anatomical feature) the pair of wings of a four-winged insect closest to the head.
frons: (Anatomical feature) The frontal area of an insect's head. It covers the upper part of the face above the clypeus and below and between the antennae. It supports the pharyngeal dilator muscles and usually bears an ocellus.
frontal sutures: (Anatomical feature) suture lines that meet with the coroanl sutures to form an inverted Y.

G–L

Diagram of an insect leg
gena: (Anatomical feature) the area below the compound eyes, the insect equivalent to human cheeks.
girdle: a strand of silk used to prop up the pupa. Found especially in the Papilionidae.
glabrous: smooth, without hairs or scales.
gula: ventral head sclerite which supports the submentum
helminthophagy: feeding on worms classified with helminths (including parasitoids of helminths).
hemocoel: the interior of the insects anatomy, including all organs and hemocyte.
hemocyte or haemolymph: a fluid in the circulatory system of insects containing nutrients, fat, water, etc.
hemophagy: feeding on blood.
hindwing: (Anatomical feature) the pair of wings of a four-winged insect farthest from the head.
hyaline: transparent, like glass.
hygropetric: mode of life: living in the thin film of water on wet rocks.
hypognathous: having mouthparts that are ventrad of a vertically oriented head, or having an "under bit".
hypopharynx: Mouthpart. A tonguelike lobe on the floor of the mouth.
idiobiont: a form of parasitism where the parasitoid paralyzes or leaves the host unable to continue development at oviposition.
interspace: The region between adjacent veins.
irrorated or irroration: Old term used usually to indicate a sprinkling of scales interspersed among scales typically of a different color.
keratophagy (Also spelt ceratophagy): feeding on cornified tissues and hair of animals.
koinobiont: A form of parasitism where the parasitoid lives inside the host while allowing it to live after oviposition.
labium: Mouthpart forming the lower lip. Bears the labial palps.
labrum: (Anatomical feature) the anterior structure below the clypeus covering some of the mouthparts, sometimes called the "upper lip".
lichenophagy: feeding on lichens.
lines of weakness: (Anatomical feature) the suture lines where the integument will split to allow for molting.
lunule: A body area or marking roughly in the shape of a crescent.

M–O

macrochaete: large bristles and scales.^[1]
macropterous: Having long or large elytra, as long, or longer than the abdomen.
malacophagy: feeding on mollusks (and parasitoids of mollusks).
maxilla: Mouthpart. The maxillae are paired and arranged behind the mandibles. May bear palps. See Figures 1 and 3.
membranule: a small triangular opaque region at the base of the hindwing in some dragonflies.
mesothorax: the middle segment of the thorax, between the prothorax and the metathorax.
metalmarks: small metallic-looking spots commonly found on the wings of Riodinidae.
metathorax: The third and last segment of the thorax after the mesothorax.
micropterous: Having short elytra, shorter than the abdomen.
mixomycetophagy: feeding on myxomycetes fungus.
myiasis: Infestation of fly larvae on or in a vertebrate host.
mycetophagy: feeding on fungus.
necrophagy: consuming of dead animals and their remains.
nervure: Older term for vein. adnervural refers to instance lines running adjacent and alongside the veins.
nodus: (of Odonata ) A prominent cross-vein near the center of the leading edge of a wing.
obtect: Appendages fused or glued to the body.
occipital suture: (Anatomical feature) the structure that defines the occiput. See Figure 1 (below).
occiput (insect): (Anatomical feature) the region posterior to the vertex on the head. See Figure 2 (below).
ocular structure: (Anatomical feature) the structure of the head containing the ocelli.
onisciform: A woodlouse shaped, flattened platyform appearance of a larva.^[2]
oophagy: feeding on eggs.
opisthognathous: with receding mouthparts, or having mouthparts that slope backward or face backward.
orbicular stigma: a marking placed between the reniform stigma and the thorax, usually circular in shape.
osmeterium: fleshy structure on some larvae, often discharging odorous chemicals.
oviposition: the act of laying eggs.
oviscape: if part of the ovipositor is visible when not in action, then the basal visible portion, typically tubular, is the oviscape. For examples, see females of many Tephritidae and Pyrgotidae (cf scape).
ovipositor: structure by which many insects place their eggs, sometimes by piercing or slitting the host or substrate in which she lays the eggs. The structure may be tubular and may have valves.
ozadene: a stink gland or repugnatorial gland, from which an animal such as an insect or Myriapod may release a foul-smelling liquid or gas for defence
ozopore: the opening of an ozadene, a stink gland or repugnatorial gland

P–R

palynophagy: feeding on pollen.
parasitoid: In parasitism, the participant that benefits, rather than the one that is being parasitized.
pedicel: the second segment ( antennomere) of the antenna. See figure 3.
pedipalp (or labial palpi or palpi): Comparatively large processes that originate from below the head and curve forward in front of the face that sometimes appear like a beak. lp on the figure right.
phloeophagy: feeding on bark.^[3]^[4]^[5]
phyllophagy: feeding on leaves.
phytophagy: feeding on plants.
pleurite: A sclerotised region on the lateral part of an insect segment, bearing the spiracle, and separating and connecting the tergite and the sternite (compare: pulmonarium).
pollinophagy: feeding on pollen.
porrect: The palpi when horizontally projecting in front of the face. In this case, the axis of the palpi is parallel to the axis of the body.
postclypeus: the upper (proximal) portion of the clypeus of insects.
posterior: in a position behind or below the aforementioned.
postoccipital suture: (Anatomical feature) the structure posterior to the occipital suture, surrounding foramen magnum or occipital magnum.
proboscis: tubular feeding and sucking organ.
proclinate: Directed or leaning forward, such as in bristles in particular locations of insects' heads.
prognathous: having mouth parts dorsad of a dorsally oriented head, or "over bite".
proleg: fleshy leg like structures arising from the abdominal segments of caterpillars. These prolegs have crochets or curved hooks.
prothorax: The first segment on the thorax anterior to the mesothorax.
pterostigma (plural pterostigmata): The prominent cell, usually opaque and coloured, near the tip of each wing of the Odonata, on the anterior margin; also, more loosely, called stigma.
pterothorax: The meso- and metathorax of winged insects, that carries the two pairs of wings.
pulmonarium (plural pulmonaria): A membranous instead of a sclerotised connection or pleurite between the abdominal tergites and sternites of certain groups of insects; in such species the pulmonaria bear the spiracles. The term also refers to an abdomen in which the connection between the tergal and sternal sclerites takes the form of a pulmonarial membrane. (Compare: pleurite)
reniform stigma: an oval or kidney-shaped mark on the forewing at the disc (Lepidoptera)
repugnatorial: (generally in combination as in: "repugnatorial glands"): defensive, or "fighting back", in particular as applied to an ozadene, a gland that can release irritant, poisonous, alarming or distasteful fluids or gases when an organism is under threat. Examples of repugnatorial glands include the osmeterium of larvae of the Papilionidae, the stink glands of most Heteroptera, the ozadenes of Opiliones, the odoriferous glands of Diplopoda, and others.
rhizophagy: feeding on rhizomes.

S–Z

saltatorial

adapted for leaping or jumping.

sarconecrophagy

feeding on dead bodies of vertebrates.

sapromycetophagy

inhabiting decaying matter and consuming mycetes growing inside or cultivating them for feeding.

saprophagy

feeding on decaying organic matter.

scape

the proximal segment ( antennomere) of the antenna. See Figure 3.

schisophagy

feeding on ground remains of plants and animals.

scolus

An external spine having multiple points. Etymology: Greek skolos, a prickle. cf. chalaza. plural: scoli

sensu

Latin term meaning "in the sense of".

sequestering

The process of animals accumulating poisonous compounds from the food they are eating in order to become poisonous themselves for their predators. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestration refers to the sequestration of one such class of poisonous compounds.

seta

A stiff chitinous or sclerotised hair or bristle. Also chaeta, cheta

setaceous

being like or having the nature of a seta or of setae
setose

setose

bearing, or covered in setae.

setula

Diminutive of seta. A small chitinous hair or bristle.

setulose

bearing, or covered in setulae.

spiracle

Respiratory openings on the thorax and abdomen that allow air to enter the trachea.

sporophagy

feeding on mycet spores.

stigma (plural stigmata)

Prominent cells on the forewings of some moths. Their size, shape and colour can be useful in identifying some species. Also the prominent cell, usually opaque and coloured, near the tip of each wing of the Odonata, on the anterior margin; also called pterostigma.

strigae

Patterns with thin lines.

subcosta

Taxonomically important term used in Diptera identification keys. Part of the schema of wing venation.The second longitudinal wing vein, posterior to the costa. It may reach the costa, fade before the costa or join R1 before it reaches the costa. see [2] (= auxiliary vein of many authors)

subgenal suture

(Anatomical feature) suture lines below the gena.

symplesiomorphy

a shared ancestral ("primitive") character state that cannot be used to demonstrate the monophyly of a group.

synapomorphy

a shared homologous and derived character state (evolutionary novelty) that demonstrates the monophyly of a group (clade).

synovigenic

a form of reproduction in which the female continues to produce and to mature eggs throughout its life cycle.

tarsus (plural tarsi)

fifth (last) leg segment, the part that touches the walking surface.

termen

The edge of the wing most distant from the body.

terminal and marginal

Along the margin.

thorax

The part of the body that lies between the head and the abdomen. It has three parts - prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax.

tibia

fourth leg segment, between femur and tarsus.

tomentum

a pubescence consisting of soft, entangled hairs pressed close to the surface of the integument.

tornus / tornal area

The posterior corner of the wing (same as tornus).

trochanter

second leg segment, between coxa and femur.

trophi

The mouthparts of Arthropoda such as insects; typically labrum, mandible, maxilla, labium.

trophus

The singular form of trophi (rarely used).

uncate

hook-like, as in the mouthparts of many fly larvae. (also uncinate)

uncinate

hook-like, as in the mouthparts of many fly larvae. (also uncate)

unguis (plural ungues)

pretarsus the claws at the tip of most insect pretarsi.

urite

a segment or part of the abdomen in insects.

urotergite

plate on the dorsal (upper) surface of an abdominal segment in insects.

valve

One of several appendages that combine to form the ovipositor of a typical female insect.

valvifer

In female Heteroptera valvifers comprise four blades, one pair on each of abdominal segments 8 and 9. They articulate with the paratergites and bear their corresponding valvulae.

valvula

One of four blades in a female Hemipteran with a laciniate type of ovipositor, that combine to form the ovipositing mechanism.

vein

Hollow structures formed from the coupling of the upper and lower walls of the wing. They provide both rigidity and flexibility to the wing. (See also Comstock-Needham system.)

vertex

(Anatomical feature) The apex of the head, usually containing ocelli.

villose

covered with numerous thick-set, slender projections resembling short hairs.

xylomycetophagy

inhabiting wood and consuming mycetes growing in wood or cultivating them for feeding.

xylophagy

feeding on wood.

zoomycetophagy

feeding on fungus found on other animals.

zoophagy

feeding on animals, and/or animal matter.

Figures

Figure 1 Head.Posterior view.
Figure 2 Head Side view.
Figure 3 Head morphology

Wing venation Charaxes
Wing venation Charaxes
Wing venation Acraea

References

^ Simpson, P; Marcellini, S (2006). "The origin and evolution of stereotyped patterns of macrochaetes on the nota of cyclorraphous Diptera". Heredity 97 (3): 148–156. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800874. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
^ Glossary - Integrated Pest Management Resource Centre [1].
^ Atkinson, Thomas H. and Equihua, Armando. "Biology of the Scolytidae and Platypodidae". Florida Entomologist Vol. 69, No. 2 (June 1986)
^ Byers, J.A. 1995. "Host tree chemistry affecting colonization in bark beetles", in R.T. Cardé and W.J. Bell (eds.). Chemical Ecology of Insects 2. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 154–213
^ Hill, Dennis S. Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and Their Control. Springer 2008. ISBN 9781402067372

Evans, W.H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
Thysse, Adrian (2 February 2011). "Ento. 101 – External Structure II: The Head". IPM. p. 1. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Gordh G. and D.H. Headrick. A Dictionary of Entomology. Cabi 2001.
Romoser, William S. The Science of Entomology, pp. 26–49. Collier-MacMillan 1973.
McAlpine, David K., 1958 A key to the Australian families of Acalptrate Diptera (Insecta) Records of the Australian Museum 24 (12) 183-190 pdf full text and figures
McAlpine, J.F. 1981 Morphology and terminology In: McAlpine, J.P. et al. (eds.): Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 27. ISBN 0660107317 pdf download manual
Resh, Vincent H. and R. T. Cardé, Eds. Encyclopedia of Insects, pp. 15–19, 750–755. Elsevier 2003.
Wallace, Robert L. et al. Beck and Braithwaite's Invertebrate Zoology, 4th Ed., pp. 248–250. MacMillan 1989.
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External links

Dictionary of Insect Morphology
Dragonfly terms
Entomologists' Glossary
Dictionary of Insect Morphology

English Journal

Crystal structures of benzoxazolyl-copper(iII,II,I) complexes and investigation of Cu(II)-mediated aryl carbon-hydrogen bromination.

Wang L1, Zhou H, Wu J, Tian Y.
Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003).Dalton Trans.2015 Jun 7;44(21):9921-6. doi: 10.1039/c5dt01090j.
Copper complexes have been frequently involved in many Cu-mediated carbon-hydrogen halogenation reactions. We fortunately obtained three different valence benzoxazolyl-copper complexes, along with aryl carbon-hydrogen bromination, in the self-assembly reaction of ligands with CuBr2. The complexes ha
PMID 25939776

Phytophthora ×stagnum nothosp. nov., a new hybrid from irrigation reservoirs at ornamental plant nurseries in Virginia.

Yang X1, Richardson PA1, Hong C1.
PloS one.PLoS One.2014 Jul 29;9(7):e103450. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103450. eCollection 2014.
A novel Phytophthora species was frequently recovered from irrigation reservoirs at several ornamental plant production facilities in eastern Virginia. Initial sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of this species generated unreadable sequences due to continual polymorphic posit
PMID 25072374

Low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis of α-Fe/Fe3O4 nanocomposite for fast Congo red removal.

Wang L1, Li J, Wang Z, Zhao L, Jiang Q.
Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003).Dalton Trans.2013 Feb 21;42(7):2572-9. doi: 10.1039/c2dt32245e. Epub 2012 Dec 6.
A facile low-temperature hydrothermal process to synthesize α-Fe/Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposite is reported. TEM and HRTEM revealed that the α-Fe/Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposite was composed of catenulate α-Fe and lamellar structured Fe(3)O(4). The weight ratio of α-Fe in the α-Fe/Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposite is 3
PMID 23223415

Japanese Journal

(86) 白紋羽病菌に随伴するTrichoderma spp.とClonostachys rosea f. catenulate(平成19年度日本植物病理学会大会講演要旨)

松本直幸,田呈明,星野(高田) 裕子,大高伸明,李重変,中村仁
日本植物病理學會報 73(3), 197, 2007-08-25
NAID 110006382944

分生子を鎖生するイネいもち病菌の変異株の同定(平成12年度日本植物病理学会大会講演要旨)

浦田秀美,福永悠介,草場基章,八重樫博志
日本植物病理學會報 66(2), 106, 2000-08-25
NAID 110002737584

魚類寄生ミズカビの新種,Saprolegnia shikotsuensis sp. nov.について

畑井喜司雄,江草周三,粟倉輝彦
魚病研究 12(2), 105-110, 1977
　1. 支笏湖の天然ヒメマスに発生した水生菌症罹病魚の患部から1種のミズカビが分離され,しかも分離株のすべてがムーンフィッシュに強い寄生性を示した。2. 分離されたミズカビの造卵器は形成までに長期間を有し,しかもまばらにしか形成されず,時に連鎖するのが特徴であった。孔絞は通常みられないが時に不明瞭な孔絞がみられた。卵胞子の内部構造は亜中心性型で,造精枝はdiclinousタイプであった。3. 本種 …
NAID 130000860242

Related Pictures

(a–g) Nonpapillate and noncaducous sporangia in various shapes; (a, b) | Download Illustration of Key Morphological Characteristics of Phytophthora Species Identified بیوگرافی nome External Food Antistaling Agent (catenulate) - 36136092 nome Devriesia hilliana. A. Sporulating colony on OA. B–D. Conidiophores