WordNet

respond favorably or as hoped; "The cancer responded to the aggressive therapy"
serve in a specific professional capacity; "the priest sat for confession"; "she sat on the jury"
be around, often idly or without specific purpose; "The object sat in the corner"; "We sat around chatting for another hour" (同)sit around
be seated (同)sit_down
be in session; "When does the court of law sit?"
be located or situated somewhere; "The White House sits on Pennsylvania Avenue"
holding office; "the in party"
to or toward the inside of; "come in"; "smash in the door" (同)inwards, inward
currently fashionable; "the in thing to do"; "large shoulder pads are in"
directed or bound inward; "took the in bus"; "the in basket"
any malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue; one of the four major types of cancer

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…に)『返事をする』,応答する《+『to』+『名』》 / (…に)『反応する』,応じる(react),好反応を示す《+『to』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (牧師の言葉に対して)応唱する / 《respond+that節》〈…である〉‘と'答える,応答する
(…に)『座る』,座っている《+『at』(『on, in』)+『名』》・着席する《+『down』》・(…に)〈鳥などが〉『止まる』,休む《+『on』+『名』》・〈めんどりが〉卵を抱く,巣に就く / 《場所の副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所に)『位置する』・ (画家・写真家のために)ポーズをとる・しっとしている,動かないでいる・(議員・委員などの)職に就いている《+『on』+『名』》・〈議会・法廷などが〉開会(開廷)される・(…に)負担となる,重荷となる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》・〈衣服などが〉(…に)合う,似合う《+『on』+『名』》・〈人〉‘を'座らせる,着席させる《+『down』+『名,』+『名』+『down』》・〈馬〉‘に'乗る・《英》〈試験〉‘を'受ける
《具体的な場所,位置》 / …『の中に』(『で』) / …『において』,…で / 《intoの代りに移動を表す動詞と共に》…『の中へ』 / (乗り物)『に乗って』 / …『の状熊に』(『で』) / …『に従事して』,に属して / …『を身につけて』,に覆われて / 《『in』do『ing』の形で》…『するときに』,する際に(when) / 《時間》 / …『して』,…『が経過したあと』 / …『の間に』 / …『については』,…の点では / 《方法・手段・材料》…『で』 / 《人を目的語にして,性質・能力があることを示して》…の中に / …の目的で,のつもりで,として / 《比率割合》…のうちで,につき / 《過去分詞に伴って》…に[…されて] / 『中へ』(に) / 『在宅して』,帰って / (乗り物などが)『到着して』,(時期・季節が)来て / 出回って,流行して / 《俗》流行の,当世風の / 《話》特定の人々にのみ理解される
がん,がん腫
あり場所,位置 / (部分・器官の)正常な位置,原位置
indiumの化学記号

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/07/23 15:53:14」(JST)

wiki en

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is an early form of cancer that is defined by the absence of invasion of tumor cells into the surrounding tissue, usually before penetration through the basement membrane. In other words, the neoplastic cells proliferate in their normal habitat, hence the name "in situ" (Latin for "in its place"). For example, carcinoma in situ of the skin, also called Bowen's disease, is the accumulation of neoplastic epidermal cells within the epidermis only, that has failed to penetrate into the deeper dermis.

For this reason, CIS will usually not form a tumor. Rather, the lesion is flat (in the skin, cervix, etc.) or follows the existing architecture of the organ (in the breast, lung, etc.). Some CIS, however, do form tumors, such as in the colon (polyps), in the bladder (pre-invasive papillary cancer), or in the breast (more properly called ductal carcinoma in situ).

Many forms of invasive carcinoma (the most common form of cancer) originate after progression of a CIS lesion.^[1] Therefore, CIS is considered a precursor or incipient form of cancer that may, if left untreated long enough, transform into a malignant neoplasm.

When explaining a laboratory report to a patient, most doctors will refer to CIS as "pre-cancer", not cancer. However, because most forms of CIS have a high probability of progression into invasive carcinoma, doctors will usually recommend that the lesion be completely removed. Therefore, CIS is usually treated in much the same way as a malignant tumor.

In the TNM classification, carcinoma in situ is reported as TisN0M0 (Stage 0).

Dysplasia vs carcinoma in situ vs invasive carcinoma

These terms are related since they represent the three steps of the progression toward cancer:

Dysplasia is the earliest form of pre-cancerous lesion recognizable in a biopsy by a pathologist. Dysplasia can be low grade or high grade (see CIS below). The risk of low-grade dysplasia transforming into cancer is low.
Carcinoma in situ is synonymous with high-grade dysplasia in most organs. The risk of transforming into cancer is high.
Invasive carcinoma, commonly called cancer, is the final step in this sequence. It is a disease that, if left untreated, will invade and spread to surrounding tissues and structures of the host (hence its name), and may eventually be lethal.

Examples

Many bladder cancers are CIS.
Cervical cancer is often predated by cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL, previously CIN, a form of dysplasia). The term CIS is not used for the cervix. Instead, the term high grade SIL (HSIL) is used (essentially a synonym). It is this lesion that is detected with the pap smear.
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is a rather frequent disease with a high probability of transforming into true breast cancer if left untreated.
Bowen's disease is squamous carcinoma in situ of the skin.
Colon polyps often contain areas of CIS that will almost always transform into colon cancer if left untreated.
High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is equivalent to CIS of the prostate.
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) of the lung is the only form of CIS that can kill directly because, in rare cases (the "pneumonic form"), it expands greatly and fills the lungs, preventing breathing and causing other dire effects on the host. Thus, the pneumonic form of BAC is a true malignant entity, but is not "invasive" in the classical sense. For this reason, it is considered a form of CIS by pathologists, but not by oncologists or surgeons and inclusion of this form of cancer among the types of CIS is controversial.

High grade dysplasia (carcinoma in situ) in the uterine cervix. The abnormal epithelium is extending into a mucus gland to the left of center. This disease can progress to invasive cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) of the cervix.

Treatment

Carcinoma in situ is, by definition, a localized phenomenon, with no potential for metastasis unless it progresses into a "true" cancer. Therefore, its removal eliminates the risk of subsequent progression into a life-threatening condition. This concept is in some ways analogous to uprooting a tree - easy when a young sapling, and much more difficult later.

Some forms of CIS (e.g. colon polyps and polypoid tumours of the bladder) can be removed using an endoscope, without conventional surgical resection. Dysplasia of the uterine cervix is removed by excision (cutting it out) or by burning with a laser. Bowen's disease of the skin is removed by excision. Other forms require major surgery, the best known being intraductal carcinoma of the breast (also treated with radiotherapy). One of the most dangerous forms of CIS is the "pneumonic form" of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung, which can require extensive surgical removal of large parts of the lung. When too large, it often cannot be completely removed, with eventual disease progression and death of the host.

References

^ Ridge JA, Glisson BS, Lango MN, et al. "Head and Neck Tumors" in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 11 ed. 2008.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 非浸潤性乳管癌：疫学、臨床症状、および診断 breast ductal carcinoma in situ epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
2. 非浸潤性乳管癌：治療および予後 ductal carcinoma in situ treatment and prognosis
3. 皮膚扁平上皮癌（SCC）の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma scc
4. 異型および上皮内小葉癌：乳癌のハイリスク病変 atypia and lobular carcinoma in situ high risk lesions of the breast
5. 乳癌の病理 pathology of breast cancer

English Journal

Modified PLA nano in situ gel: a potential ophthalmic drug delivery system.

Nagarwal RC, Kumar R, Dhanawat M, Pandit JK.SourceDepartment of Pharmaceutics, IT, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.2011 Aug 1;86(1):28-34. Epub 2011 Mar 23.
A novel nano in situ gel forming system of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was investigated for its potential use for conjunctival/corneal squamous cell carcinoma (CCSC). The study was conducted in two steps, in the first step PLA nanoparticles were prepared and characterized; in the second step the drug load
PMID 21497491

Parafibromin expression in lung normal tissue and carcinoma: its comparison with clinicopathological parameters of carcinoma.

Xia P, Wang W, Xu XY, Wang JP, Takano Y, Zheng HC.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
Histology and histopathology.Histol Histopathol.2011 Aug;26(8):1039-47.
Parafibromin is a protein encoded by the hyperparathyroidism 2 oncosuppressor gene and its down-regulated expression is involved in the pathogenesis of parathyroid, gastric and colorectal carcinomas. To clarify the roles of parafibromin expression in lung carcinomas, it was examined by immunohistoch
PMID 21692036

Japanese Journal

Intracystic Papillary Carcinoma of Breast Harbors Significant Genomic Alteration Compared with Intracystic Papilloma: Genome-wide Copy Number and LOH Analysis Using High-Density Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Microarrays.

Oikawa Masahiro,Nagayasu Takeshi,Yano Hiroshi,Hayashi Tomayoshi,Abe Kuniko,Kinoshita Akira,Yoshiura Koh-Ichiro
The Breast Journal -(-), -, 2011-06-09
… Purpose: Intracystic papillary breast tumors consist of benign papilloma, carcinoma in situ and carcinoma with invasion. … Using high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, this study aimed to determine the profile of genomic alterations in these lesions and to identify novel diagnostic criteria. …
NAID 120003071915

症例報告組織学的低グレード非浸潤性アポクリン癌の1例

佐藤明,宮西智恵,白井智子 [他]
香川臨床細胞雑誌 23(1), 10-14, 2011
NAID 40018800850

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「腎盂尿管癌」「婦人科細胞診クラス分類」「上皮内癌」「CIS」「respond」
拡張検索	「secondary carcinoma in situ」
関連記事	「sit」「in situ」「situ」「In」「situs」

「腎盂尿管癌」

Carcinoma in situ
	Classification and external resources
ICD-O:	M8010/2

　　[★]

英: 腎盂癌 renal pelvic cancer; 尿管癌 ureter cancer, ureteric cancer
関: 腎尿路の腫瘍

疫学

50-70歳に多
男女比は2-4:1と男性に多い
腎盂腫瘍は腎腫瘍の約10%を占める
尿路上皮癌の4-5%

病因

タバコ、コーヒー、人工甘味料
化学発癌物質

芳香族アミン

2-naphthylamine

benzidine

薬剤

鎮痛剤(フェナセチン、アセトアミノフェン)
抗癌剤(シクロホスファミド)
造影剤(トロトラスト)

疾患

バルカン腎症

病理

1. 移行上皮癌が大部分

移行上皮癌(90%)、扁平上皮癌(3-10%)、腺癌や未分化癌(1%以下)

2. 多中心性で膀胱にも発生する (2割程度の症例で膀胱に併発)

症状

無症候性血尿
側腹部痛(血塊や腫瘍組織による尿路閉塞のため)
側腹部腫瘤形成

診断

1. 静脈性尿路造影(IVP,DIP)、逆行性腎盂造影、経皮的腎盂尿管造影

陰影欠損像や尿路閉塞所見

2. CT、MRI

腫瘍像、リンパ節転移、多臓器への転移の有無

3. 内視鏡

膀胱腫瘍と腎盂尿管腫瘍の確認

4. 尿細胞診

：陽性率は40-60%なので、腫瘍を疑った場合しつこくやる

(血管造影)

新生血管に乏しい

治療法

1. 根治的手術療法：腎尿管全摘除兼膀胱部分切除術
2. 保存的手術療法：開放手術、内視鏡手術

再発するので、結局1.をやらざるを得ないことが多いらしい

3. 非手術療法：多剤併用化学療法(M-VAC)、放射線療法
4. BCGの腎盂内注入療法：上部尿路のcarcinoma in situ(CIS)に対する治療

2/3の症例で癌が消えるらしい。

予後

表在性腫瘍は予後良好で、浸潤性腫瘍は予後不良
扁平上皮癌は予後不良
異型度、浸潤度どちらも5年生存率に影響する。
尿管は筋層が薄く、浸潤しやすいので、尿管癌が見つかった場合、浸潤度はT2以降である。

「婦人科細胞診クラス分類」

　　[★]

英: gynecological cytologic classification
同: 日母分類
関: 子宮頚癌

子宮頚癌の婦人科細胞診クラス分類

G9M.139 医学事典

クラスI：正常。
クラスII：異常細胞を認めるが良性。
クラスIII：悪性を疑うが断定できない。このクラス以上は組織診を施行する。

IIIa：悪性を少し疑う。軽度・中等度異形成を想定。5%程度に悪性腫瘍が検出される。コイロサイトが見いだされる程度。
IIIb：悪性をかなり疑う。高度異形成を想定。は50%程度に癌が検出される。N/C比が上昇、核の大小不同が認められる。

クラスIV：極めて強く悪性を疑う。上皮内癌を想定。クロマチンが増加し、大型の核を持つ異型細胞が増加。N/C比は著明に増大。
クラスV：悪性。浸潤癌(微小浸潤癌など)を想定。著明なクロマチン増加、N/C比増大。オレンジ色の角化病変が認められる。

子宮頚癌の分類比較

日母分類（1997年）（細胞診）	クラスIIIa		クラスIIIb	クラスIV	クラスV
子宮頸癌取り扱い規約（1997年）	軽度異形成 CIN1併記	中等度異形成 CIN2併記	高度異形成 CIN3併記	上皮内癌 CIN3併記	微小浸潤扁平上皮癌
WHO分類（1973年）	mild dysplasia	moderate dysplasia	severe dysplasia	carcinoma in situ	squamous cell carcinoma
Bethesda System 2001 （細胞診）	LGSIL	HGSIL	HGSIL	HGSIL	squamous cell carcinoma

「上皮内癌」

　　[★]

英: carcinoma in situ CIS, intraepithelial carcinoma
ラ: carcinoma intraepitheliale
同: 非浸潤癌、粘膜癌 mucosal carcinoma、粘膜内癌 intramucosal carcinoma、前浸潤癌 preinvasive carcinoma、
関

上皮内にとどまっている癌。特に粘膜について述べるならば粘膜内癌
欧米ではこれを癌とは呼ばない→転移し得ないから
基底板を破ると浸潤癌となる

膀胱癌

Tis：腫瘍が粘膜に留まっている。異型度の高いガン細胞からなる。組織学的には乳頭状増殖を示さず、flat carcinomaの像を呈する。

同: CIS

「CIS」

　　[★]

サイトカイン

同: cytokine-inducible SH2 protein; cytokine-inducible SH2 domain-containing protein; cytokine inducible SH2 domain protein; cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein
関: サイトカイン、サイトカイン受容体

サイトカイン/サイトカイン受容体から遺伝子発現に至る経路で、サイトカイン受容体やJAKを標的としたネガティブフィードバックの経路が考えられるが、これに関与するタンパク質のファミリーがCISファミリーとされている。

腫瘍

上皮内癌 carcinoma in situ

同: 上皮内癌

「respond」

　　[★]

vi.

返答/応答する
応ずる、押収する。(～に)感応/反応する、好反応をしめす(to)
(生物)(刺激などに)反応する (栄二郎より)
(医)(薬が)効果がある、効き目を現す (栄二郎より)

Patients with primary carcinoma in situ responded significantly more within 6 months of bacillus Calmette-Guerin than those with secondary carcinoma in situ (65% vs 39%, p ＜0.001).