canvasser

WordNet

a person who takes or counts votes
solicit votes from potential voters in an electoral campaign (同)canvas

PrepTutorEJDIC

(選挙などの)運動員,(販売などの)勧誘員
…'を'詳しく調査する(検討する),論究する / (票・注文などを得るために)〈ある地区〉'を'遊説する,勧誘しながら歩き回る;〈人〉‘に'運動する,'を'勧誘する《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / (…のために)選挙運動をする;(…の)注文取りをする《+『for』+『名』》 / 運動,遊説;勧誘 / 詳しい調査(検討)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/07 19:50:27」(JST)

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Senior British Labour Party politician Jack Straw canvassing with local councillors in Blackburn

Canvassing is the systematic initiation of direct contact with a target group of individuals commonly used during political campaigns. A campaign team (and during elections a candidate) will knock on doors of private residences within a particular geographic area, engaging in face-to-face personal interaction with voters. Canvassing may also be performed by telephone, where it is referred to as telephone canvassing. The main purpose of canvassing is to perform voter identification – to poll how individuals are planning to vote – rather than to argue with or persuade voters.^[1] This preparation is an integral part of a "get out the vote" operation, in which known supporters are contacted on polling day and reminded to cast their ballot.

Phone canvasses

Canvassing can also be done by telephone by activists who will be working from a script. The following is an excerpt from a script used by the UK Labour Party in the buildup to a general election:

Hello, can I speak to (voter's name) please? Hello (voter's name) my name is (name). I'm calling on behalf of (MP/parliamentary spokesperson). I'm calling to find out your views on the Labour government's priorities. Which of the following do you think are the three most important priorities for the government? [Lists five policy areas – 'better schools', 'better hospitals', 'more jobs', 'less crime' and 'strong economy'] Let me tell you what Labour is doing in these areas and what the Tories would do if they were re-elected [refers to 'dividing lines' table where Conservative policies are compared unfavourably with Labour]. Now can I ask you which party you think you will vote for at the next general election?^[2]

The script then divides into two sections based on whether the voter intends to support Labour or another party. The section for Labour supporters encourages the use of postal votes, asks whether the individual would consider displaying a poster in their window or deliver leaflets on their street and asks whether the individual would consider joining the party.^[2] The section for non-Labour voters asks the following questions:^[2] This sample script is also representative of elections in the United States, in which a volunteer might ask, "if the election for (congress, governor, president, etc.) were held today, would you vote for (Candidate A) or (Candidate B)?

Which main political party do you identify with?
There will be elections in (date), which party will you vote for at these elections?
How did you vote in the last general election?
Who would be your second choice?
Do you vote at every election?

The script concludes by thanking the voter before ending the call.

Constitutionality of canvassing in the United States

Local governments in the United States have passed local laws to limit Americans’ ability to canvass. Many of these challenges escalated to the Supreme Court, which has ruled overwhelmingly on the side of the public’s right to canvass as protected by the First Amendment. For example, in Martin v. Struthers, Justice Hugo Black stated:

“Freedom to distribute information to every citizen wherever he desires to receive it is so clearly vital to the preservation of a free society that … it must be fully preserved. To require a censorship through license which makes impossible the free and unhampered distribution of pamphlets strikes at the very heart of the constitutional guarantees."^[3]

In 2002, the Supreme Court reconfirmed its conviction that canvassing is protected by our First Amendment rights in Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton. Justice John Paul Stevens stated:

"It is offensive, not only to the values protected by the First Amendment, but to the very notion of a free society that in the context of everyday public discourse a citizen must first inform the government of her desire to speak to her neighbors and then obtain a permit to do so."^[4]

Canvassing organizations

Canvass for a Cause
Fund for the Public Interest
Grassroots Campaigns, Inc.
Working America

References

^ How to Win an Election, Paul Richards, Second Edition, p. 87
^ ^a ^b ^c Telephone canvassing script, Labour Party, as published in How to Win an Election, Paul Richards, p.90-91
^ "MARTIN v. STRUTHERS, 319 U.S. 141 (1943), 319 U.S. 141, MARTIN v. CITY OF STRUTHERS, OHIO. No. 238. Argued March 11, 1943. Decided May 3, 1943.". FindLaw. Retrieved 2015-01-03.
^ "WATCHTOWER BIBLE & TRACT SOCIETY OF NEW YORK, INC., et al. v. VILLAGE OF STRATTON et al. certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the sixth circuit. No. 00-1737. Argued February 26, 2002--Decided June 17, 2002". FindLaw. Retrieved 2015-01-03.

English Journal

Contemporary 2-year outcomes of complex gastroschisis.

Emil S, Canvasser N, Chen T, Friedrich E, Su W.SourceDivision of Pediatric Surgery, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA. Sherif.Emil@McGill.ca
Journal of pediatric surgery.J Pediatr Surg.2012 Aug;47(8):1521-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.12.023.
PURPOSE: Outcomes of gastroschisis are influenced by associated intestinal complications. We present a detailed analysis of complex gastroschisis.METHODS: A retrospective study of all patients with gastroschisis treated at 2 university neonatal intensive care units between January 1, 2001, and March
PMID 22901911

First prize: Chitosan and the urothelial barrier: effects on ureteral intraluminal drug penetration and peristalsis.

Pick DL, Shelkovnikov S, Canvasser N, Louie MK, Tongson-Ignacio J, McDougall EM, Clayman RV.SourceDepartment of Urology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA. donaldp@pacmed.org
Journal of endourology / Endourological Society.J Endourol.2011 Mar;25(3):385-90. doi: 10.1089/end.2010.0205. Epub 2010 Dec 2.
INTRODUCTION: Relaxing the ureter prior to endourologic procedures could ease instrument access. In an ex-vivo model, intraluminal nifedipine has been shown to relax the ureter. Chitosan is the deacetylation product of chitin and can alter bladder urothelium. This study examines the effect of nifedi
PMID 21126192

Continence definition after radical prostatectomy using urinary quality of life: evaluation of patient reported validated questionnaires.

Liss MA, Osann K, Canvasser N, Chu W, Chang A, Gan J, Li R, Santos R, Skarecky D, Finley DS, Ahlering TE.SourceDepartment of Urology and Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Orange, California, USA. mliss@uci.edu
The Journal of urology.J Urol.2010 Apr;183(4):1464-8. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.12.009. Epub 2010 Feb 20.
PURPOSE: After radical prostatectomy continence is commonly defined as no pads except a security pad or 0 to 1 pad. We evaluated the association of pad status and urinary quality of life to determine whether security and 1 pad status differ from pad-free status to better define 0 pads as the post-pr
PMID 20171689

Japanese Journal

『不動貯金銀行特殊調査報告並参考資料綴』を読む

経営・情報研究 : 多摩大学研究紀要 (19), 157-164, 2015
NAID 120005648756

急性心筋梗塞と鍼灸治療, とくに刺絡について

全日本鍼灸学会雑誌 33(4), 410-414, 1984
NAID 130004065884

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[1] How to Win an Election, Paul Richards, Second Edition, p. 87

[script-2] Telephone canvassing script, Labour Party, as published in How to Win an Election, Paul Richards, p.90-91

[3] "MARTIN v. STRUTHERS, 319 U.S. 141 (1943), 319 U.S. 141, MARTIN v. CITY OF STRUTHERS, OHIO. No. 238. Argued March 11, 1943. Decided May 3, 1943.". FindLaw. Retrieved 2015-01-03.

[4] "WATCHTOWER BIBLE & TRACT SOCIETY OF NEW YORK, INC., et al. v. VILLAGE OF STRATTON et al. certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the sixth circuit. No. 00-1737. Argued February 26, 2002--Decided June 17, 2002". FindLaw. Retrieved 2015-01-03.

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