camellia

ツバキ、(植物)ザンカ

関

Theaceae、Theales

　 　

WordNet

1. any of several shrubs or small evergreen trees having solitary white or pink or reddish flowers (同)camelia
2. a family of trees and shrubs of the order Parietales (同)family Theaceae, tea family

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. ツバキ / ツバキの花

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/02 22:07:57」(JST)

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[Wiki ja表示]

Camellia

一般
設計者	三菱電機, NTT
初版発行日	2000年
派生元	E2, MISTY1
認証	CRYPTREC, NESSIE
暗号詳細
鍵長	128, 192または256ビット
ブロック長	128ビット
構造	Feistel構造
ラウンド数	18または24

Camellia（カメリア）とは、2000年にNTTと三菱電機により共同開発されたブロック暗号である。名称の由来は植物のツバキ（ツバキ属：Camellia）。

CamelliaはFeistel構造を採用したブロック長128ビットのブロック暗号で、鍵長としてAESと同じ128ビット、192ビット、256ビットの3つを選択できる。また、CamelliaはAESと同等の安全性を保ちつつハードウェアでの低消費電力で高速な暗号化・復号に優れている。

構造

Camelliaの入出力インタフェースはAES互換で、ブロック長は128ビット固定、鍵長は128 / 192 / 256ビットの3つを選択できる。

全体構造は、AESではSPN構造が採用されたのと違い、DESと同じFeistel構造を採用している。ラウンド段数は、鍵長が128ビットのときは18段、192ビット・256ビットのときは24段で、6段毎に「副変換部」と呼ばれる全単射関数FLとFL-1が挿入されている。また、最初と最後にホワイトニング（拡大鍵との排他的論理和）が設けられている。

ラウンド関数はバイト（8ビット）を単位とした処理になっていて、拡大鍵との排他的論理和の後、8ビット入力-8ビット出力のSボックス（4種類ある）と、FEALにも似た阿弥陀籤型のP関数によって構成される。Sボックスは4種類あるが、テーブル1つと、入出力のビットシフト等の組合せで実装することもできる。

鍵スケジューラは、ラウンド関数2段で、鍵を"暗号化"して中間鍵を生成し、中間鍵の一部分を取り出すことで拡大鍵を作り出す。具体的には中間鍵をラウンド毎に定義された分だけシフトして、右64ビット（または左64ビット）を取り出す。CamelliaはFeistel構造を採用して、暗号化と復号の違いはラウンド関数等で使用される拡大鍵の順番のみになるように設計されている。そこで鍵スケジューラは、拡大鍵を1番目から順番に求めることも、最後から逆順に求めることも、どちらも同様な手間で実現できるように設計されている。

安全性

Camelliaは解読可能なラウンド数と最低限安全性を保てるラウンド数を元にした指標であるセキュリティーマージンにてAESを上回る1.8～2.0を確保している。これに加え、CamelliaはCRYPTRECおよびNESSIEにおいてAESと同等の安全性と効率を兼ね備えているという評価もされている。

性能

開発者や第三者による実装報告によると、パソコンで使用されている汎用CPUでは1 Gbps、専用LSIでは2 Gbpsを超えるスループットがある。

一方、組込み機器で使用される8ビットCPUなどの処理能力が低いプロセッサでも、極端なメモリサイズ増加は生じず、ハードウェア実装した場合には、暗号化と復号や鍵スケジューラで回路を共用できるため10,000ゲート以下でも実装可能であることが確認されている。

ソフトウェア実装

• 組込み機器等での性能（8ビットCPU）
  • 7.19 msec (ENC) / 7.51 msec (DEC) - Z80 (5 MHz), ROM 1,268バイト, RAM 60バイト (NTT)
  • 5.68 msec (ENC) / 1.03 msec (KeyGen) - Z80 (), ROM 1,698バイト, RAM 63バイト (NTT)
  • 10.22 msec (ENC/DEC) - 8051 (12 MHz), ROM 990バイト, RAM 32バイト (1st NESSIE Workshop)

• パソコンなどでの性能（32/64ビットCPU）
  • 1,134.6 Mbps - Intel Pentium 4 (3.2 GHz), Windows XP SP2, 鍵長128ビット (Oda, et al., SCIS 2006)
  • 1,158.8 Mbps - AMD Athlon 64 3500+ Winchester (2.2 GHz), Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, ビットスライス実装, 鍵長128ビット (Fukuda, et al., SCIS 2006)

ハードウェア実装

• ASIC
  • 325.76 Mbps - IBM 0.13 μm, 6,511 unit, Loop arch, 鍵長128ビット (Satoh, et al., ISC 2003)
  • 2,154.88 Mbps - IBM 0.13 μm, 29,809 unit, Loop arch, 鍵長128ビット (Satoh, et al., ISC 2003)

• FPGA
  • 128.58 Mbps - Xilinx Virtex-E, 908 Slice, Loop arch, 鍵長128ビット (Satoh, et al., ISC 2003)
  • 393.24 Mbps - Xilinx Virtex-E, 2,833 Slice, Loop arch, 鍵長128ビット (Satoh, et al., ISC 2003)

歴史

• 2000年3月10日 Camelliaの公開：NTTと三菱電機による共同開発がニュースリリースされる。
• 2001年4月17日 Camelliaの基本特許の無償化が宣言される。
• 2003年2月20日 日本の暗号評価プロジェクトCRYPTRECによる電子政府推奨暗号リストにCamelliaも推奨される。
• 2003年2月27日 欧州の暗号評価プロジェクトNESSIEにて、128ビットブロック暗号として、AESと共にCamelliaも選定される。
• 2005年7月15日 国際標準規格ISO/IEC 18033 Part 3の128ビットブロック暗号に、他の2つの暗号（AES、SEED）と共にCamelliaも採用される。（5月27日にニュースリリース）
• 2005年7月20日 SSL/TLS、S/MIME、XMLなどの標準規格で、暗号方式としてCamelliaが追加される。
• 2006年4月13日 Camelliaのオープンソースが公開される。
• 2006年11月8日 OpenSSLにCamelliaが追加される。
• 2007年6月7日 FreeBSD ProjectがCamelliaへの対応を発表する。
• 2008年6月17日 ウェブブラウザとして初採用したMozilla Firefox 3がリリースされた（後に、バージョン33において既定で無効化され、バージョン37でサポート終了の予定）。
• 2013年3月1日 CRYPTRECによって改訂された電子政府推奨暗号リストに、日本初のブロック暗号として唯一Camelliaが推奨される。

標準化

Camelliaは、欧州のNESSIEプロジェクトや日本のCRYPTRECが作成した「電子政府推奨暗号リスト」に採用されている。

また、TLS/SSLやIPsecをはじめとして、IETFやISO/IECなど多くの標準化団体に採用されている。主な標準化実績は以下の通りである。

• CRYPTREC
• NESSIE
• IETF
  • アルゴリズム
    • RFC 3713: A Description of the Camellia Encryption Algorithm
    • RFC 5528: Camellia Counter Mode and Camellia Counter with CBC-MAC Mode Algorithms
  • S/MIME
    • RFC 3657: Use of the Camellia Encryption Algorithm in Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
  • XML暗号化
    • RFC 4051: Additional XML Security Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)
  • TLS/SSL
    • RFC 4132: Addition of Camellia Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)
    • RFC 5932: Camellia Cipher Suites for TLS
    • RFC 6367: Addition of the Camellia Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)
  • IPsec
    • RFC 4312: The Camellia Cipher Algorithm and Its Use With IPsec
    • RFC 5529: Modes of Operation for Camellia for Use with IPsec
  • OpenPGP
    • RFC 5581: The Camellia Cipher in OpenPGP
  • RSA-KEM in CMS
    • RFC 5990: Use of the RSA-KEM Key Transport Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
  • PSKC
    • RFC 6030: Portable Symmetric Key Container (PSKC)
  • スマートグリッド
    • RFC 6272: Internet Protocols for the Smart Grid
• ISO/IEC
  • ISO/IEC 18033 (ISO/IEC 18033-3:2010) Information technology -- Security techniques -- Encryption algorithms -- Part 3: Block ciphers
• ITU-T
  • security mechanisms and procedures for NGN (Y.2704)
• RSA Laboratories
  • approved cipher in the PKCS#11
• TV-Anytime Forum
  • approved cipher in TV-Anytime Rights Management and Protection Information for Broadcast Applications
  • approved cipher in Bi-directional Metadata Delivery Protection

脚注

関連項目

• ブロック暗号
• 共通鍵暗号
• 暗号理論

外部リンク

• Camellia公式サイト
• リファレンスコード
• RFC 3657 Use of the Camellia Encryption Algorithm in Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
• RFC 3713 A Description of the Camellia Encryption Algorithm
  • 日本語訳：Camellia暗号アルゴリズムの説明
• RFC 4051 Additional XML Security Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)
• RFC 4132 Addition of Camellia Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)
• RFC 4312 The Camellia Cipher Algorithm and Its Use With IPsec
• RFC 5528 Camellia Counter Mode and Camellia Counter with CBC-MAC Mode Algorithms
• RFC 5529 Modes of Operation for Camellia for Use with IPsec
• RFC 5581 Certification of Camellia Cipher as IETF standard for OpenPGP
• RFC 5932 Camellia Cipher Suites for TLS
• RFC 5990 Use of the RSA-KEM Key Transport Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
• RFC 6030 Portable Symmetric Key Container (PSKC)
• RFC 6272 Internet Protocols for the Smart Grid
• RFC 6367 Addition of the Camellia Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)
• ISO/IEC 18033-3:2010 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Encryption algorithms -- Part 3: Block ciphers

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Camellia (disambiguation).

Camellia
Camellia sasanqua is used as a garden plant, its leaves are used for tea, and its seeds for oil
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Theaceae
Genus:	Camellia L.
Species
About 100–250, see text
Synonyms
Thea

Camellia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. They are found in eastern and southern Asia, from the Himalayas east to Japan and Indonesia. There are 100–250 described species, with some controversy over the exact number. The genus was named by Linnaeus after the Jesuit botanist Georg Joseph Kamel, who worked in the Philippines, though he never described a camellia. This genus is famous throughout East Asia; camellias are known as cháhuā (茶花) in Chinese, "tea flower", an apt designation, as tsubaki (椿) in Japanese, as dongbaek-kkot (동백꽃) in Korean and as hoa trà or hoa chè in Vietnamese.

Of economic importance in the Indian subcontinent and Asia, leaves of C. sinensis are processed to create the popular beverage, tea. The ornamental Camellia japonica, Camellia oleifera and Camellia sasanqua and their hybrids are represented in cultivation by a large number of cultivars.

Description

Leaves of Camellia sinensis, the tea plant

Camellias are evergreen shrubs or small trees up to 20 m (66 ft) tall. Their leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, and usually glossy. Their flowers are usually large and conspicuous, one to 12 cm in diameter, with five to nine petals in naturally occurring species of camellias. The colors of the flowers vary from white through pink colors to red; truly yellow flowers are found only in South China and Vietnam. Camellia flowers throughout the genus are characterized by a dense bouquet of conspicuous yellow stamens, often contrasting with the petal colors. The so-called "fruit" of camellia plants is a dry capsule, sometimes subdivided in up to five compartments, each compartment containing up to eight seeds.

The various species of camellia plants are generally well-adapted to acidic soils rich in humus, and most species do not grow well on chalky soil or other calcium-rich soils. Most species of camellias also require a large amount of water, either from natural rainfall or from irrigation, and the plants will not tolerate droughts. However, some of the more unusual camellias – typically species from karst soils in Vietnam – can grow without too much water.

Camellia plants usually have a rapid growth rate. Typically they will grow about 30 cm per year until mature – though this does vary depending on their variety and geographical location.

Camellia plants are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Camellia. Leaves of the Japanese Camellia (C. japonica) are susceptible to the fungal parasite Mycelia sterile (see below for the significance).

Use by humans

Camellia reticulata is rare in the wild but has been cultivated for hundreds of years.

Camellia sinensis, the tea plant, is of major commercial importance because tea is made from its leaves. The species C. sinensis is the product of many generations of selective breeding in order to bring out qualities considered desirable for tea. However, many other camellias can be used to produce a similar beverage. For example, in some parts of Japan, tea made from C. sasanqua leaves is popular.

Tea oil is a sweet seasoning and cooking oil made by pressing the seeds of C. oleifera, C. japonica, and to a lesser extent other species such as C. crapnelliana, C. reticulata, C. sasanqua and C. sinensis. Relatively little-known outside East Asia, it is the most important cooking oil for hundreds of millions of people, particularly in southern China.

Camellia oil is commonly used to clean and protect the blades of cutting instruments.

Camellia oil pressed from seeds of C. japonica, also called tsubaki oil or tsubaki-abura (椿油) in Japanese, has been traditionally used in Japan for hair care.

Ecology

The camellia parasite Mycelia sterile produces a metabolite named PF1022A. This is used to produce emodepside, an anthelmintic drug.

Mainly due to habitat destruction, several camellias have become quite rare in their natural range. One of these is the aforementioned C. reticulata, grown commercially in thousands for horticulture and oil production, but rare enough in its natural range to be considered a threatened species.

Garden history

Camellias were cultivated in the gardens of China and Japan for centuries before they were seen in Europe. The German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer reported that the "Japan Rose", as he called it grew wild in woodland and hedgerow, but that many superior varieties had been selected for gardens. He was told that the plant had 900 names in Japanese. Europeans' earliest views of camellias must have been their representations in Chinese painted wallpapers, where they were often represented growing in porcelain pots.

The first living camellias seen in England were a single red and a single white, grown and flowered in his garden at Thorndon Hall, Essex, by Robert James, Lord Petre, among the keenest gardeners of his generation, in 1739. His gardener James Gordon was the first to introduce camellias to commerce, from the nurseries he established after Lord Petre's untimely death in 1743, at Mile End, Essex, near London.

With the expansion of the tea trade in the later 18th century, new varieties began to be seen in England, imported through the British East India Company. The Company's John Slater was responsible for the first of the new camellias, double ones, in white and a striped red, imported in 1792. Further camellias imported in the East Indiamen were associated with the patrons whose gardeners grew them: a double red for Sir Robert Preston in 1794 and the pale pink named "Lady Hume's Blush" for Amelia, the lady of Sir Abraham Hume of Wormleybury, Hertfordshire (1806). The camellia was imported from England to America in 1797 when Colonel John Stevens brought the flower as part of an effort to grow attractions within Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey. By 1819, twenty-five camellias had bloomed in England; that year the first monograph appeared, Samuel Curtis's, A Monograph on the Genus Camellia, whose five handsome folio colored illustrations have usually been removed from the slender text and framed. Camellias that set seed, though they did not flower for more than a decade, rewarded their growers with a wealth of new varieties. By the 1840s, the camellia was at the height of its fashion as the luxury flower. The Parisian courtesan Marie Duplessis, who died young in 1847, inspired Dumas' La Dame aux camélias and Verdi's La Traviata.

The fashionable imbricated formality of prized camellias was an element in their decline, replaced by the new hothouse orchid. Their revival after World War I as woodland shrubs for mild climates has been paralleled by the rise in popularity of Camellia sasanqua.

Modern cultivars

Today camellias are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers; about 3,000 cultivars and hybrids have been selected, many with double or semi-double flowers. C. japonica is the most prominent species in cultivation, with over 2,000 named cultivars. Next are C. reticulata with over 400 named cultivars, and C. sasanqua with over 300 named cultivars. Popular hybrids include C. × hiemalis (C. japonica × C. sasanqua) and C. × williamsii (C. japonica × Camellia saluenensis|C. saluenensis). Some varieties can grow to a considerable size, up to 100m², though more compact cultivars are available. They are frequently planted in woodland settings, alongside other calcifuges such as rhododendrons, and are particularly associated with areas of high soil acidity, such as Cornwall and Devon in the UK. They are highly valued for their very early flowering, often among the first flowers to appear in the late winter. Late frosts can damage the flower buds, resulting in misshapen flowers.

There is great variety of flower forms:

• single (flat, bowl- or cup-shaped)
• semi-double (rows of large outer petals, with the centre comprising mixed petals and stamens)
• double:
  • paeony form (convex mass of irregular petals and petaloids with hidden stamens)
  • anemone form (one or more rows of outer petals, with mixed petaloids and stamens in the centre)
  • rose form (overlapping petals showing stamens in a concave centre when open)
  • formal double (rows of overlapping petals with hidden stamens)

The following hybrid cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

Name	Parentage	Size	Flower colour	Flower type	Ref.
Cornish Snow	cuspidata × saluenensis	04.0m²	white	single
Cornish Spring	cuspidata × saluenensis	04.0m²	pink	single
Francie L	reticulata × saluenensis	64.0m²	rose-pink	double
Freedom Bell	× williamsii	06.5m²	red	semi-double
Inspiration	reticulata × saluenensis	10.0m²	rose-pink	semi-double
Leonard Messel	reticulata × saluenensis	16.0m²	rose-pink	semi-double
Royalty	japonica × reticulata	01.0m²	light red	semi-double
Spring Festival	× williamsii, cuspidata	10.0m²	pink	semi-double
Tom Knudsen	japonica × reticulata	06.3m²	deep red	double paeony
Tristrem Carlyon	reticulata	10.0m²	rose pink	double paeony

• Simple-flowered Camellia × williamsii cv. 'Brigadoon'

• Semi-double-flowered camellia cultivar

• Double-flowered camellia cultivar

• Double-flowered hybrid cv. 'Jury's Yellow'

Cultural significance

• Sacramento, California is nicknamed the Camellia City.
• The Camellia is the state flower of Alabama.
• The Camellia Bowl is a post-season college football game under the auspices of the NCAA.
• The Lady of the Camellias is named for the Camellia.
• Augusta National Golf Club's 10th hole is named Camellia.
• Rabindranath Tagore wrote a poem entitled "Camellia" about the camellia.
• In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem destroys Mrs. Dubose's camellia bushes out of anger due to some insensitive comments she had made about his family. Later on in the book, Jem is given a camellia bud by the dying Mrs. Dubose.
• Camellia buds are an iconic symbol for the Chanel fashion house's haute couture; a tradition started by Coco Chanel herself.
• Camellias have a major significance in the Akira Kurosawa film Sanjuro.
• White camellias became a symbol of New Zealand women's right to vote and feature on the country's ten-dollar note.

Selected species

Camellia fraterna

Flower buds of an unspecified camellia

Fruits of an unspecified camellia

Camellia japonica - MHNT

• Camellia assimilis
• Camellia azalea
• Camellia brevistyla
• Camellia caudata
• Camellia chekiangoleosa
• Camellia chrysantha – Golden Camellia
• Camellia connata
• Camellia crapnelliana – Crapnell's Camellia
• Camellia cuspidata
• Camellia euphlebia
• Camellia euryoides
• Camellia flava (Pitard) Sealy
• Camellia fleuryi
• Camellia forrestii
• Camellia fraterna
• Camellia furfuracea
• Camellia gilbertii
• Camellia granthamiana – Grantham's Camellia
• Camellia grijsii
• Camellia hengchunensis
• Camellia × hiemalis
• Camellia hongkongensis – Hong Kong Camellia
• Camellia irrawadiensis
• Camellia japonica – East Asian Camellia
• Camellia kissii
• Camellia lutchuensis

• Camellia miyagii
• Camellia nitidissima – Yellow Camellia (formerly C. chrysantha)
• Camellia nokoensis
• Camellia oleifera – Oil-seed Camellia, Tea Oil Camellia
• Camellia parviflora
• Camellia pitardii
• Camellia pleurocarpa
• Camellia polyodonta
• Camellia pubipetala
• Camellia reticulata
• Camellia rosiflora
• Camellia rusticana – Snow Camellia
• Camellia salicifolia
• Camellia saluenensis
• Camellia sasanqua
• Camellia semiserrata
• Camellia sinensis – Tea plant
• Camellia taliensis
• Camellia transnokoensis
• Camellia tsaii
• Camellia tunghinensis
• Camellia vietnamensis
• Camellia × williamsii
• Camellia yunnanensis

Footnotes

References

• Harder, A.; Holden–Dye, L.; Walker, R. & Wunderlich, F. (2005): Mechanisms of action of emodepside. Parasitology Research 97(Supplement 1): S1-S10. doi:10.1007/s00436-005-1438-z (HTML abstract)
• Mair, V.; Hoh, E. (2009): The True History of Tea. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-25146-1.

External links

• The International Camellia Society
• The American Camellia Society
• The Southeastern Camellia Society
• Website with many Camellia illustrations from European and Japanese Camellia Books

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• Food Science and Technology Research 22(1), 31-38, 2016
• NAID 130005131910

• Aluminum Ions Are Involved in Purple Flower Coloration in <i>Camellia japonica</i> 'Sennen-fujimurasaki'

• The Horticulture Journal advpub(0), 2016
• NAID 130005125371

Related Links

• Camellia 新着情報

2012年5月18日 Camelliaの概要説明資料を更新しました。詳しくはこちらをご覧ください。 参考文献リストを更新しました。詳しくはこちらをご覧ください。

• camellia ..................................

1st album "42'23" leaves records LR-0103 ¥2,100 -tax in- [total time 42min 23sec] 1."13'27" part1 2."7'56" 3."10'10" 4."5'40" 5."13'27" part2 6."5'10" 2011,11,9 on sale 千葉県を中心に活動を続けるcamellia、約2年振りのリリース ...

• CAMELLIA | カメリア

シャネル専門 web shop。コレクター必見のレア・アイテム。こんなシャネル見たこと無い！ TEL: 042-590-7299 e-mail: info@coco-camellia.jp ... ・当店の商品は全て正規店直接仕入の新品未使用品です。 ・中古品・アウトレット品等は一切 ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ツバキ」「Theales」「Theaceae」「サザンカ」

「ツバキ」

　　[★]

英

camellia

関

サザンカ、ツバキ科、ツバキ目

「Theales」

　　[★]

ツバキ目

• バキ目

関

camellia、Theaceae

「Theaceae」

　　[★]

ツバキ科

関

camellia、Theales

　

「サザンカ」

　　[★]

英

camellia

関

ツバキ