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The Caliciviridae family are a family of viruses, members of Class IV of the Baltimore scheme. They are positive-sense, single stranded RNA which is non-segmented. The caliciviruses have been found in a number of organisms such as humans, cattle, pigs, cats, chickens, reptiles, dolphins and amphibians. The caliciviruses have a simple construction and are not enveloped. The capsid appears hexagonal/spherical and has icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of 35–39 nm.^[1]

Caliciviruses are not very well studied because until recently they could not be grown in culture, and there is no suitable animal model. However, the recent application of modern genomic technologies has led to an increased understanding of the virus family.^[1] A recent isolate from rhesus monkeys—Tulane virus—can be grown in culture and this system promises to increase our understanding of these viruses.^[2]

The name calicivirus is derived from the Greek word calyx meaning cup or goblet. This name is appropriate as many strains have visible cup-shaped depressions.

Taxonomy[edit]

The Caliciviridae family include the following genera:

Genus Lagovirus; type species: Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
Genus Nebovirus;
Genus Norovirus; type species: Norwalk virus
Genus Sapovirus; type species: Sapporo virus
Genus Vesivirus; type species: Vesicular exanthema of swine virus

Two additional genera have been proposed: Recovirus for a novel calicivirus detected in stool specimens from rhesus monkeys^[3] and Valovirus—for a novel group of swine caliciviruses known as the St-Valérien-like viruses. These genera have yet to be officially approved. There are a number of other unclassified caliciviruses including the chicken calicivirus.

Virology[edit]

All viruses in this family possess a non segmented, polyadenylated, positive sense single stand RNA genome of ~7.5–8.5 kilobases in length, enclosed in an icosahedral capsid of 27–40 nanometers in diameter.

Transmission[edit]

Transmission of caliciviruses is generally by the fecal-oral route but can also be transmitted via the respiratory route.

Human disease[edit]

Calicivirus infections commonly cause acute gastroenteritis, which is the inflammation of the stomach and intestines (e.g. the Norwalk Virus). Symptoms can include vomiting and diarrhea. These symptoms emerge after an incubation time of 2 days and the symptoms only generally last for 3 days. Most calicivirus infections do not call for medical attention, but those who are immunocompromised may need to be hospitalized for rehydration therapy.

Animal viruses[edit]

Feline calicivirus (FCV)—a member of the Vesivirus—represents an important pathogen of cats.

Sapovirus, Norovirus and Vesivirus have been detected in pigs, making this animal species of particular interest in the study of calicivirus pathogenesis and host range.

The first mouse norovirus, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), was discovered in 2003. Since then, numerous murine norovirus strains have been identified and they were assigned a new genogroup in the genus Norovirus.

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a pathogen of rabbits that causes major problems throughout the world where rabbits are reared for food and clothing, make a significant contribution to ecosystem ecology, and where they support valued wildlife as a food source.^[1]

Note[edit]

Australia and New Zealand, in an effort to control their rabbit populations, have intentionally spread calicivirus.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Hansman, GS (editor) (2010). Caliciviruses: Molecular and Cellular Virology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-63-9.
^ Yu G, Zhang D, Guo F, Tan M, Jiang X, Jiang W (2013) Cryo-EM structure of a novel calicivirus, Tulane Virus. PLoS One 8(3):e59817. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059817
^ Farkas T, Sestak K, Wei C, Jiang X (2008) Characterization of a rhesus monkey calicivirus representing a new genus of Caliciviridae. J Virol 82: 5408–5416. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00070-08

Caliciviridae description page from the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses site.
MicrobiologyBytes: Caliciviruses
Human Caliciviruses
Stanford University

External links[edit]

Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Caliciviridae
Viralzone: Caliciviridae
3D macromolecular structures of Caliciviridae from the EM Data Bank(EMDB)

UpToDate Contents

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1. ノロウイルスおよび関連ウイルスの臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of noroviruses and related viruses
2. 成人におけるウイルス性胃腸炎の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of viral gastroenteritis in adults
3. 微生物による食中毒疾患の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of microbial foodborne disease

English Journal

Virus quantitation by transmission electron microscopy, TCID50, and the role of timing virus harvesting: A case study of three animal viruses.

Malenovska H.SourceCollection of Animal Pathogenic Microorganisms, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: Malenovska@vri.cz.
Journal of virological methods.J Virol Methods.2013 Aug;191(2):136-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.04.008. Epub 2013 Apr 17.
Quantitation of viruses is practised widely in both basic and applied virology. Infectious titration in cell cultures, the most common approach to it, is quite labour-intensive and alternative protocols are therefore sought. One of the alternatives is transmission electron microscope (TEM) quantitat
PMID 23603437

Virulent feline calicivirus disease in a shelter in Italy: a case description.

Battilani M, Vaccari F, Carelle MS, Morandi F, Benazzi C, Kipar A, Dondi F, Scagliarini A.SourceDepartment of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy. mara.battilani@unibo.it
Research in veterinary science.Res Vet Sci.2013 Aug;95(1):283-90. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.01.025. Epub 2013 Feb 21.
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen of cats that is particularly widespread in multi-cat environments such as shelters and catteries. FCV infections are usually associated with acute, mild and self-limiting upper respiratory tract disease characterized by oral vesicles/ulcers. Recently, vi
PMID 23433681

Prevalence of porcine noroviruses, molecular characterization of emerging porcine sapoviruses from finisher Swine in the United States, and unified classification scheme for sapoviruses.

Scheuer KA, Oka T, Hoet AE, Gebreyes WA, Molla BZ, Saif LJ, Wang Q.SourceFood Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
Journal of clinical microbiology.J Clin Microbiol.2013 Jul;51(7):2344-53. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00865-13. Epub 2013 May 15.
Noroviruses (NoVs) and sapoviruses (SaVs) are important human pathogens. Although the involvement of porcine NoVs in disease in pigs is unclear, they are genetically and antigenically closely related to human NoVs. Human NoV-like strains have been detected in pigs, raising public health concerns of
PMID 23678065

Japanese Journal

酸性エタノール・リンゴ酸混合物によるネコカリシウイルスの不活化効果

日本防菌防黴学会誌 = Journal of Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents 43(8), 357-360, 2015-08
NAID 40020560494

複合型塩素系除菌・洗浄剤の各種病原微生物に対する有効性

日本環境感染学会誌 = Japanese journal of environmental infecions 30(6), 391-398, 2015
NAID 40020660992

Antimicrobial Activity and Stability of Weakly Acidified Chlorous Acid Water

Biocontrol Science 20(1), 43-51, 2015
NAID 130005061980

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