目次
PrepTutorEJDIC
- =caliber
- 〈U〉〈C〉(円筒・管などの)内径 / 〈U〉〈C〉(砲身・銃身の)口径;(弾丸の)直径《略》cal.) / 〈U〉器量,資質
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/22 15:50:25」(JST)
wiki ja
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calibreのメインインターフェイス
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| 作者 | コビッド・ゴイアル(Kovid Goyal) |
|---|---|
| 初版 | 2006年10月31日（7年前） （2006-10-31） |
| 最新版 | 1.30.0 - 2014年03月28日（4か月前） （2014-03-28）[1][±] |
| プログラミング言語 | Python, C (Qt), Coffeescript, Javascript |
| 対応OS | Linux, Mac OS X, Windows |
| プラットフォーム | クロスプラットフォーム |
| 対応言語 | 37言語（全てもしくは一部翻訳含む） |
| サポート状況 | 現行 |
| 種別 | 電子書籍管理ユーティリティ（ユーティリティソフトウェア） |
| ライセンス | GNU GPL v3 |
| 公式サイト | calibre-ebook.com |
| テンプレートを表示 | |
Calibreとはフリー・アンド・オープンソースの電子書籍ソフトウェアで電子書籍を保存や管理を行うことができて多数のフォーマットに対応している。またDRMのある電子書籍を他のフォーマットへの変換で数種類の主な電子ブックリーダーと同期出来る。
目次
- 1 歴史
- 2 機能
- 3 開発とライセンス
- 4 関連項目
- 5 脚注
- 6 外部リンク
歴史
コビッド・ゴイアルはSony PRS-500が発売された2006年10月31日にlibprs500の開発を始めた。主な着想がPRS-500でLinuxを使用できるようにすることだった。ゴイアルはMobileReadフォーラムのサポートを得て[2]、プロプライエタリファイルフォーマットであるLRFをリバースエンジニアリングした。
2008年、calibreに名称変更した[要出典]。
機能
Calibreは全ての商業的に関連のある現行ファイルフォーマットとリーディングデバイスに対応している。ほとんどの電子書籍フォーマットは編集可能で、例としてフォントそのものやフォントサイズを変更したりコンテンツの自動生成テーブルを追加することが出来る。変換や編集は購入した市販品の電子書籍ファイルに施されているDRMを除去した後でしか行えずCalibre単独ではこの除去はできないが無料配布されているプラグインをインストールすれば機能として追加できる[3]。
またCalibreはユーザーがメタデータフィールドで電子書籍のソートとグループ分けできるようにすることで個人の電子書籍ライブラリを管理するするのを助ける。メタデータは多くの異なるソース（ISBNdb.com, Google ブックス, Amazon, LibraryThing)から引き出すことが出来る。自身のライブラリから作者、タイトル、キーワードでの検索も可能だが全文検索にはまだ対応していない[4][5]。
電子書籍は手動でファイルを追加するか電子ブックリーダーとの同期のいずれかの方法でCalibreのライブラリへのインポートが可能。オンラインコンテントソースも取り込み、変換することで電子書籍にすることができる。この変換はいわゆる「レシピ」と呼ばれるPythonベースのドメイン固有言語で書かれた短いプログラムで行われる。電子書籍はUSBか統合メールサーバーを通して全ての対応リーダーにエクスポートできる。例として電子ブックリーダーであるAmazon Kindleファミリーにパーソナルドキュメントを転送できる。
ライブラリのコンテントはホスティングコンピュータが動いている場合ウェブブラウザを使ってリモートアクセスすることが可能。この場合、コンテントのソースから取り込まれたコンテントをプッシュことは通常の間隔（サブスクリプション）で対応している。もしホスティングコンピュータが常時動いているわけではない場合、ホストされたCalibreのソリューション[6]が助けることが出来る。この場合、ライブラリにアクセス出来ないが、サブスクリプションはスケジュールに基いて電子リーダーにプッシュすることになる。
開発とライセンス
このアプリケーションはPythonとCで書かれており、フリー・オープンソースソフトウェアとしてGNU General Public License v3で公開されている[7]。
Calibreによる外部コンテントソースの変換は供給されているE-メールとウェブサーバー(HTTP)によるリモートアクセスを使ったRSSフィードリーダープロトコルに対応している。
関連項目
- en:Adobe Digital Editions
- en:OverDrive Media Console
- en:Sigil (application)
脚注
- ^ Goyal, Kovid (2014年3月28日). “calibre - What's new”. 2014年3月28日閲覧。
- ^ “Mobileread Forums”. mobileread.com. 2012年7月14日閲覧。
- ^ Sorrel, Charlie. “How To Strip DRM from Kindle E-Books and Others”. Wired.com. http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2011/01/how-to-strip-drm-from-kindle-e-books-and-others/ 2012年8月4日閲覧。
- ^ User named kovidgoyal on fulltext search in TODO list, 2010-08-01
- ^ User named Kovid Goyal (kovid) on fulltext search request, 2011-05-23
- ^ http://readbeam.com/
- ^ License, calibre-ebook.com, http://manual.calibre-ebook.com/faq.html#how-is-app-licensed
外部リンク
- ウィキメディア・コモンズには、calibreに関するカテゴリがあります。
- Official website
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wiki en
"Calibre" redirects here. For other uses, see Calibre (disambiguation).
From left: .50 BMG, .300 Win Mag, .308 Winchester, 7.62×39 mm, 5.56×45 mm NATO, .22LR
A .45 cal ACP hollowpoint (Federal HST) with two .22 LR cartridges for comparison
Side on view of Sellier & Bellot .45-cal ACP cartridge with a metric ruler for scale
In guns, particularly firearms, caliber or calibre is the approximate internal diameter of the barrel, or the diameter of the projectile it fires. In a rifled barrel, the distance is measured between opposing lands or grooves; groove measurements are common in cartridge designations originating in the United States, while land measurements are more common elsewhere. Good performance requires a bullet to closely match the groove diameter of a barrel to ensure a good seal. When the barrel diameter is given in inches, the abbreviation "cal" is used in place of "inches". For example, a small-bore rifle with a diameter of 0.22 in is a .22 cal; however, the decimal point is generally dropped when spoken, making it "twenty-two caliber" or a "two-two caliber". Calibers of firearms can be referred to in millimeters, as in a "caliber of eighty-eight millimeters" (88 mm) or "a hundred and five-millimeter caliber gun" (often abbreviated as "105 mm gun").
While modern cartridges and cartridge firearms are generally referred to by the cartridge name, they are still lumped together based on bore diameter. For example, a firearm might be described as a '.30 caliber rifle', which could be any of a wide range of cartridges using a roughly .30-in projectile; or a ".22 rimfire", referring to any rimfire cartridge using a .22-cal projectile.
Firearm calibers outside the range of .17 to .50 (4.5 to 12.7 mm) exist, but are rarely encountered. Wildcat cartridges, for example, can be found in .10, .12, and .14 cal (2.5, 3.0, and 3.6 mm), typically used for short-range varmint hunting, where the high-velocity, lightweight bullets provide devastating terminal ballistics with little risk of ricochet. Larger calibers, such as .577, .585, .600, .700, and .729 (14.7, 14.9, 15.2, 17.8, & 18.5 mm) are generally found in proprietary cartridges chambered in express rifles or similar guns intended for use on dangerous game.[1] The 950 JDJ is the only known cartridge beyond .79 caliber used in a rifle.
In some contexts, e.g. guns aboard a warship, "caliber" is used to describe the barrel length as multiples of the bore diameter. A "5-inch 50 calibre" gun has a bore diameter of 5 in (12.7 cm) and a barrel length of 50 times 5 in = 250 in (6.35 m).
Contents
- 1 Cartridge naming conventions
- 2 Metric versus imperial
- 3 Shotguns
- 4 Caliber as measurement of length
- 5 Pounds as a measure of cannon bore
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Cartridge naming conventions
Makers of early cartridge arms had to invent methods of naming[2] the cartridges, since no established convention existed then. One of the early established cartridge arms was the Spencer repeating rifle, which Union forces used in the American Civil War. It was named based on the chamber dimensions, rather than the bore diameter, with the earliest cartridge called the "No. 56 cartridge", indicating a chamber diameter of .56 in; the bore diameter varied considerably, from .52 to .54 in. Later various derivatives were created using the same basic cartridge, but with smaller-diameter bullets; these were named by the cartridge diameter at the base and mouth. The original No. 56 became the .56-56, and the smaller versions, .56-52, .56-50, and .56-46. The .56-52, the most common of the new calibers, used a .50-cal bullet.
Other early white powder-era (Ballistite and Poudre blanche) cartridges used naming schemes that appeared similar, but measured entirely different characteristics; .45-70, .38-40, and .32-20 were designated by bullet diameter in hundredths of an inch and standard black powder charge in grains. Optionally, the bullet weight in grains was designated, e.g. .45-70-405. This scheme was far more popular and was carried over after the advent of early smokeless powder cartridges such as the .30-30 Winchester and .22 Long; or a relative power, such as .44 Special and .44 Magnum. Variations on these methods persist today, with new cartridges such as the .204 Ruger and .17 HMR (Hornady Magnum Rimfire).
Metric calibers for small arms are usually expressed with an "×" between the width and the length; for example, 7.62×51 NATO. This indicates the barrel diameter is 7.62 mm land to land, loaded in a case 51 mm long. Similarly, the 6.5×55 Swedish cartridge is fired from a 6.5-mm-diameter barrel and has a case length of 55 mm. The means of measuring a rifled bore varies, and may refer to the diameter of the lands or the grooves of the rifling; this is why the .303 British, measured across the lands, actually uses a .311-in bullet (7.70 mm vs. 7.90 mm), while the .308 Winchester, dimensionally similar to (but should not be considered interchangeable with) the 7.62×51 mm NATO cartridge, is measured across the grooves and uses a .308-in diameter (7.82-mm) bullet. An exception to this rule is the proprietary cartridge used by U.S. maker Lazzeroni, which is named based on the groove diameter in millimeters, such as the 7.82 Warbird.[2][3]
In the middle of the 19th century, muskets and muzzle-loading rifles were .58 cal or larger; the Brown Bess flintlock, for example, had a bore diameter of about 0.75 in (19 mm). Paintball guns (or "markers") are typically .68 cal (17 mm).
Metric versus imperial
The following table lists some commonly used calibers where both metric and imperial are used as equivalents. Due to variations in naming conventions, and the whims of the cartridge manufacturers, bullet diameters can vary widely from the diameter implied by the name. For example, a difference of as much as 0.045 in (1.15 mm) occurs between the smallest and largest of the several cartridges designated as ".38 caliber".
| Inch caliber | Metric caliber | Typical bullet diameter | Common cartridges | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .20, .204 | 5 mm | 0.204 in | .204 Ruger, 5 mm Remington Rimfire Magnum | |
| .22 | 5.56 mm | 0.220–0.224 in (5.6–5.7 mm) | .22 Long Rifle, .222 Remington, .223 Remington, 5.56×45 mm NATO, 5.45×39 mm, 5.7×28 mm | 5.45×39 mm bullet is actually 5.6 mm (AK-74) |
| .24 | 6 mm | 0.243 in | .243 Winchester, 6 mm Remington, 6 mm plastic airsoft BBs | |
| .25 | 6.35 mm | 0.25 in, 6.35 mm | .25 ACP, 6.35×16 mmSR | or .25 auto and 6.35 mm Browning |
| .26 | 6.5 mm | 0.264 in, 6.7 mm | 6.5×55 mm, .260 Remington | cartridges commonly known as '6.5 mm' |
| .27 | 6.8 mm | 0.277 in, 7.035 mm | .270 Winchester, 6.8 SPC | |
| .28 | 7 mm | 0.284 in, 7.213 mm | .280 Remington, 7 mm Remington Magnum, 7×57 mm, 7mm-08 Remington | commonly called '7 mm' |
| .30, .308 | 7.8 mm | 0.308 in | 300 AAC Blackout, .30-06, .300 Winchester Magnum, 7.82 Lazzeroni Patriot, .30-30 Winchester, .308 Winchester, 7.62×51mm NATO | American ".30 caliber" |
| .303, .31 | 7.9 mm | 0.31–0.312 in (7.9–7.9 mm) | .303 British, 7.62×39, 7.62×54R, 7.62×25, 7.7x58 | 7.62×39 rounds are actually 7.92 mm (AK-47, AKM, etc.) |
| .323 | 8 mm | 0.323 in | 8×57mm IS, .325 WSM, 8 mm Remington Magnum, 8 mm plastic (airsoft) BBs | .32 caliber rifle cartridges |
| .338 | 8.6 mm | 0.338 in | .338 Lapua | C14 Timberwolf (Canadian Forces) |
| .357 | 9 mm | 0.355–0.357 in (9.0–9.1 mm) | .38 Special, .380 ACP, .357 Magnum, .357 SIG, .35 Remington, 9×19 mm Parabellum, 9×18 mm Makarov, .357 in certain new Crosman precharged pneumatic (PCP) airguns. | Handgun cartridges known as "38" are .357 caliber. Generally .357 for revolvers and rifles, .355 in autoloaders |
| .40 | 10 mm | 0.400 in | .40 S&W, 10 mm auto | |
| .45 | 11.43 mm | 0.450 in | .45 ACP, .45 GAP, .454 Casull, .45 Long Colt | |
| .50 | 12.7 mm | 0.510 in (12.95 mm) | .50 BMG, .50 Action Express, 12.7×108 mm | M2 Browning machine gun and other heavy machine guns, long-range rifles typified by Barrett products |
Shotguns
Main article: Gauge (bore diameter)
Shotguns are classed according to gauge, a related expression. The gauge of a shotgun refers to how many lead spheres, each with a diameter equal to that of the bore, amount to one pound in weight. In the case of a 12-gauge shotgun, it would take 12 spheres the size of the shotgun's bore to equal a pound. A numerically larger gauge indicates a smaller barrel: a 20-gauge shotgun requires more spheres to equal a pound; therefore, its barrel is smaller than the 12-gauge. This metric is used in Russia as "caliber number": e.g., "shotgun of the 12 caliber." The 16th caliber is known as "lordly" (Russian: барский). While shotgun bores can be expressed in calibers (the .410 bore shotgun is in fact a caliber measure of .41 caliber [11 mm]), the nature of shotshells is such that the barrel diameter often varies significantly down the length of the shotgun barrel, with various levels of choke and backboring.
Caliber as measurement of length
Main article: Caliber (artillery)
The length of artillery barrels has often been described in terms of multiples of the bore diameter e.g. a 4-in gun of 50 calibers would have a barrel 50 x 4 in = 200 in long. A 50 caliber 16 inch navy gun (16 inch diameter shell), has a barrel length (muzzle to breech) of 16x50=800 in (66 ft 8 in). Both 14-in and 16-in navy guns were common in World War II. The British Navy insisted on 50-cal guns on navy ships as it would allow 1,900- to 2,700-lb (861- to 1225-kg) shells to travel at 1800 mi/h (2896 km/h) to a distance of 26 mi (42 km).
Pounds as a measure of cannon bore
Smoothbore cannon and carronade bores are designated by the weight in imperial pounds of round solid iron shot of diameter to fit the bore. Standard sizes are 6, 12, 18, 24, 32, and 42 pounds, with some 68-pound weapons, and other nonstandard weapons using the same scheme. See Carronade#Ordnance.
From about the middle of the 17th century until the middle of the 19th century, measurement of the bore of large gunpowder weapons was usually expressed as the weight of its iron shot in pounds. Iron shot was used as the standard reference because iron was the most common material used for artillery ammunition during that period, and solid spherical shot the most common form encountered. Artillery was classified thereby into standard categories, with 3 pounders (pdr.), 4 pdr., 6 pdr., 8 pdr., 9 pdr., 12 pdr., 18 pdr., 24 pdr., and 32 pdr. being the most common sizes encountered, although larger, smaller and intermediate sizes existed.
In practice, though, significant variation occurred in the actual mass of the projectile for a given nominal shot weight. The country of manufacture is a significant consideration when determining bore diameters. For example, the French livre, until 1812, had a mass of 489.5 g whilst the contemporary English (avoirdupois) pound massed approximately 454 g. Thus, a French 32 pdr. at the Battle of Trafalgar threw a shot with 1.138 kg more mass than an English 32 pdr.
Complicating matters further, muzzle-loaded weapons require a significant gap between the sides of the tube bore and the surface of the shot. This is necessary so the projectile may be inserted from the mouth to the base of the tube and seated securely adjacent the propellant charge with relative ease. The gap, called windage, increases the size of the bore with respect to the diameter of the shot somewhere between 10% and 20% depending upon the year the tube was cast and the foundry responsible.
| gun class (pdr.) | shot diameter (cm) | shot volume (cm3) | approx. service bore (cm) | mass of projectile (kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 6.04 | 172.76 | 6.64 | 0.90846 |
| 3 | 6.91 | 172.76 | 7.60 | 1.36028 |
| 4 | 7.60 | 230.30 | 8.37 | 1.81339 |
| 6 | 8.71 | 345.39 | 9.58 | 2.71957 |
| 9 | 10.00 | 518.28 | 11.00 | 4.08091 |
| 12 | 10.97 | 691.22 | 12.07 | 5.44269 |
| 18 | 12.56 | 1036.96 | 13.81 | 8.16499 |
| 24 | 13.82 | 1382.65 | 15.20 | 10.88696 |
| 32 | 15.21 | 1843.50 | 16.73 | 14.51572 |
| 64 | 19.17 | 3686.90 | 21.08 | 29.03063 |
The relationship between bore diameter and projectile weight was severed following the widespread adoption of rifled weapons during the latter part of the 19th century. Guns continued to be classed by projectile weight into the mid-20th century, particularly in British service. However, this value no longer had any relation to bore diameter, since projectiles were no longer simple spheres—and in any case were more often hollow shells filled with explosives rather than solid iron shot.
See also
- List of cartridges by caliber
- List of handgun cartridges
- List of rifle cartridges
- List of the largest cannons by caliber
References
- ^ Frank C. Barnes, ed. Stan Skinner. Cartridges of the World, 10th Ed. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-605-1.
- ^ a b Barnes, Frank C. (1997) [1965]. McPherson, M.L., ed. Cartridges of the World (8th Edition ed.). DBI Books. pp. 8–12. ISBN 0-87349-178-5.
- ^ Lazzeroni Arms. "Reloading Data".
- ^ Accurate (2000). Accurate Smokeless Powders Loading Guide (Number Two (Revised) ed.). Prescott, AZ: Wolfe Publishing. p. 392. barcode 94794 00200.
- ^ "Pistol and Rifle Lead Bullets".
- ^ "Rifle Bullets".
- ^ "LeadSafe Total Copper Jacket ("TCJ") Bullet List".
External links
- Search for guns by their caliber
English Journal
- Quantitative comparison of cerebral artery development in metatherians and monotremes with non-human eutherians.
- Ashwell KW1, Shulruf B2.
- Journal of anatomy.J Anat.2015 Dec 8. doi: 10.1111/joa.12422. [Epub ahead of print]
- A quantitative comparison of the internal diameters of cerebral feeder arteries (internal carotid and vertebral) and the aorta in developing non-human eutherians, metatherians and monotremes has been made, with the aim of determining if there are differences in cerebral arterial flow between the thr
- PMID 26644330
- Retinal vessel calibres and haemostasis in black and white South Africans: the SABPA study.
- Lammertyn L1, Schutte AE, Smith W, Pieters M, Schutte R.
- Journal of hypertension.J Hypertens.2015 Dec;33(12):2483-90. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000744.
- OBJECTIVES: Retinal arteriolar narrowing associates with hypertension development and indicates increased cardiovascular risk. Evidence on whether the retinal vessel calibres are related to the haemostatic system is limited, especially in the black hypertension-prone population with a high stroke in
- PMID 26398852
- Telopodes of telocytes are influenced in vitro by redox conditions and ageing.
- Enciu AM1,2, Popescu LM3,4.
- Molecular and cellular biochemistry.Mol Cell Biochem.2015 Dec;410(1-2):165-74. doi: 10.1007/s11010-015-2548-2. Epub 2015 Sep 3.
- Telocytes (TCs) are a novel cell type identified among interstitial cells in various organs. TCs are characterized by very long cell processes (tens to hundreds micrometres) named telopodes (Tps) with uneven calibre: dilations (podoms) and very thin segments (podomers). However, little is known abou
- PMID 26335900
Japanese Journal
- Enhancement of Impact Toughness of 0.05% P Doped High Strength Steel through Formation of an Ultrafine Elongated Grain Structure
- ISIJ international 50(11), 1660-1665, 2010-11-15
- NAID 10028114977
- Preliminary Design of an Augmented Railgun : Influence of the Dimensions of the Outer Rails on the Forces Acting on the Projectile and the Rails
- 電気学会論文誌. A, 基礎・材料・共通部門誌 = The transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. A, A publication of Fundamentals and Materials Society 127(11), 704-708, 2007-11-01
- NAID 10019771060
- カナダの法学教育と行政学教育 : ビクトリア大学大学院の教育を中心として(シンポジウム『法学教育の国際比較』)
- 法政論叢 43(2), 176-188, 2007-05-15
- NAID 110006343474
Related Links
- calibre: The one stop solution for all your e-book needs. Comprehensive e-book software. ... Click to watch calibre demo
- 多機能な電子書籍管理ソフト。登録した電子書籍の検索機能が充実しており、著者や出版社、文字列検索だけでなく、電子書籍で使用されている言語などを指定して書籍を絞り込める。ユーザー側で各書籍に独自のタグや評価を付加 ...
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