| Hydroxylapatite |
|
Hydroxylapatite crystals on matrix
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| General |
| Category |
Phosphate mineral
Apatite group |
Formula
(repeating unit) |
Ca5(PO4)3(OH) |
| Strunz classification |
08.BN.05 |
| Crystal symmetry |
Hexagonal 6/m – dipyramidal |
| Unit cell |
a = 9.41 Å, c = 6.88 Å; Z = 2 |
| Identification |
| Formula mass |
502.31 g |
| Color |
Colorless, white, gray, yellow, yellowish green |
| Crystal habit |
As tabular crystals and as stalagmites, nodules, in crystalline to massive crusts |
| Crystal system |
Hexagonal |
| Cleavage |
Poor on {0001} and {1010} |
| Fracture |
Conchoidal |
| Tenacity |
Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness |
5 |
| Luster |
Vitreous to subresinous, earthy |
| Streak |
White |
| Diaphaneity |
Transparent to translucent |
| Specific gravity |
3.14–3.21 (measured), 3.16 (calculated) |
| Optical properties |
Uniaxial (-) |
| Refractive index |
nω = 1.651 nε = 1.644 |
| Birefringence |
δ = 0.007 |
| References |
[1][2][3] |
Hydroxylapatite, also called hydroxyapatite (HA), is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), but is usually written Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. Hydroxylapatite is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The OH- ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride or carbonate, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system. Pure hydroxylapatite powder is white. Naturally occurring apatites can, however, also have brown, yellow, or green colorations, comparable to the discolorations of dental fluorosis.
Up to 50% by volume and 7% by weight is a modified form of hydroxylapatite (known as bone mineral).[4] Carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxylapatite is the main mineral of which dental enamel and dentin are composed. Hydroxylapatite crystals are also found in the small calcifications (within the pineal gland and other structures) known as corpora arenacea or 'brain sand'.
Contents
- 1 Chemical synthesis of hydroxyapatite
- 2 Medical uses
- 2.1 Pathology
- 2.2 Supplement
- 3 Chromatography
- 4 Use in archaeology
- 5 Animal structures
- 6 See also
- 7 References
Chemical synthesis of hydroxyapatite
Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized via several methods such as wet chemical deposition, biomimetic deposition, sol-gel route (wet-chemical precipitation) or electrodeposition.[5] Yagai and Aoki proposed the hydroxyapatite nanocrystal suspension can be prepared by a wet chemical precipitation reaction following the reaction equation below:[6]
10Ca(OH)2 + 6H3PO4 → Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 18H2O
Several studies have shown that hydroxyapatite synthesis via wet-chemical route can be improved by power ultrasound. The ultrasonically assisted synthesis (sono-synthesis) of hydroxyapatite is a successful technique to produce nanostructured hydroxyapatite at high quality standards. The ultrasonic route allows to produce nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite as well as modified particles, e.g. core-shell nanospheres, and composites.[7]
Medical uses
Flexible hydrogel-HA composite, which has a mineral-to-organic matrix ratio approximating that of human bone.
Hydroxylapatite can be found in teeth and bones within the human body. Thus, it is commonly used as a filler to replace amputated bone or as a coating to promote bone ingrowth into prosthetic implants. Although many other phases exist with similar or even identical chemical makeup, the body responds to them very differently. Coral skeletons can be transformed into hydroxylapatite by high temperatures; their porous structure allows relatively rapid ingrowth at the expense of initial mechanical strength. The high temperature also burns away any organic molecules such as proteins, preventing an immune response and rejection.
Many modern implants, e.g. hip replacements, dental implants and bone conduction implants, are coated with hydroxylapatite. It has been suggested that this may promote[8] osseointegration.[citation needed]. Porous hydroxylapatite implants are used for local drug delivery in bone.[9][10] It is also being used to repair early lesions in tooth enamel.[11]
Pathology
Hydroxylapatite deposits in tendons around joints result in the medical condition calcific tendinitis.
Supplement
Microcrystalline hydroxylapatite (MH) is marketed as a "bone-building" supplement with superior absorption in comparison to calcium.[12] It is a second-generation calcium supplement derived from bovine bone.[12] In the 1980s, bone meal calcium supplements were found to be contaminated with heavy metals,[12] and although the manufacturers claim their MH is free from contaminants, people are advised to avoid it because it has not been well-tested.[12] However, the limited tests seem to show positive results. A 1995 randomized placebo-controlled study of 40 people in Europe found that it was more effective than calcium carbonate in slowing bone loss.[12] A 2007 randomized double-blind controlled study of an MH supplement called the Bone Builder found significant positive effects in bone mineral density (BMD) compared to control.[13] Hydroxylapatite has been used by Noel Fitzpatrick to facilitate bionic development in animals, by coating steel rods in hydroxylapatite to encourage natural growth of skin around it. As a component of nanocomposites, hydroxylapatite is finding uses as a potential new bone replacement materials.
Chromatography
The mechanism of hydroxylapatite (HA) chromatography is complicated and has been described as "mixed-mode" ion exchange. It involves nonspecific interactions between positively charged calcium ions and negatively charged phosphate ions on the stationary phase HA resin with protein negatively charged carboxyl groups and positively charged amino groups. It may be difficult to predict the effectiveness of HA chromatography based on physical and chemical properties of the desired protein to be purified. For elution, a buffer with increasing phosphate concentration is typically used.
Use in archaeology
In archaeology, hydroxylapatite from human and animal remains is analysed in order to reconstruct ancient diets. The mineral fractions of bone and teeth act as a reservoir of trace elements, including strontium. It has been established that the ratio of strontium to calcium in bone hydroxylapatite broadly reflects an animal's diet during the period before its death when the bone was being formed (5–10 years in the case of human remains), or in the case of dental mineral in childhood. In either case analysis of Sr/Ca ratios allows an individual's diet to be classified as carnivorous, herbivorous or omnivorous and either predominantly marine or terrestrially based. However the difficulty of compensating for post-mortem contamination of archaeological samples through interaction with groundwater continues to cast doubt on the reliability of the method. Stable isotope analysis is considered a more viable alternative, although strontium and other trace mineral analyses of dental samples are commonly used in situations where this is impossible because the collagen content of the bone has completely decayed (i.e. for palaeolithic samples).[14][15]
Animal structures
The clubbing appendages of the Peacock mantis shrimp are made of an extremely dense form of the mineral, which is being investigated for potential synthesis and engineering use. [16] [17]
See also
- Archaeological science
- Biomaterials: Mechanical Properties
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apatit-(CaOH) (Hydroxylapatite). |
- ^ Hydroxylapatite. Mindat
- ^ Hydroxylapatite. Webmineral
- ^ Hydroxylapatite. Handbook of Mineralogy
- ^ Junqueira, Luiz Carlos; José Carneiro (2003). Foltin, Janet; Lebowitz, Harriet; Boyle, Peter J., eds. Basic Histology, Text & Atlas (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 144. ISBN 0-07-137829-4. "Inorganic matter represents about 50% of the dry weight of bone ... crystals show imperfections and are not identical to the hydroxylapatite found in the rock minerals"
- ^ M. P. Ferraz , F. J. Monteiro , C. M. Manuel (2004): Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: A review of preparation methodologies. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Biomechanics 2004; 2: 74-80.
- ^ Bouyer E, Gitzhofer F, Boulos MI (2000): Morphological study of hydroxyapatite nanocrystal suspension. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2000; 11: 523-31.
- ^ Sono-Synthesis of Nano-Hydroxyapatite
- ^ Jeong, KI. "Experimental Study of Osseointegration and Stability of Intentionally Exposed Hydroxyapatite Coating Implants". Journal. Journal of the Korean Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ Kundu, B; Soundrapandian C; Nandi SK; Mukherjee P; Dandapat N; Roy S; Datta BK; Mandal TK; Basu D; Bhattacharya RN (2010). "Development of new localized drug delivery system based on ceftriaxone-sulbactam composite drug impregnated porous hydroxylapatite: a systematic approach for in vitro and in vivo animal trial". Pharm. Res. 27 (8): 1659–76. doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0166-y. PMID 20464462.
- ^ Kundu, B; Lemos A; Soundrapandian C; Sen PS; Datta S; Ferreira JMF; Basu D (2010). "Development of porous HAp and β-TCP scaffolds by starch consolidation with foaming method and drug-chitosan bilayered scaffold based drug delivery system". J Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 21 (11): 2955–69. doi:10.1007/s10856-010-4127-0. PMID 20644982.
- ^ http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v215/n4/full/sj.bdj.2013.741.html
- ^ a b c d e Straub, D.A. (2007). "Calcium Supplementation in Clinical Practice: A Review of Forms, Doses, and Indications". NCP- Nutrition in Clinical Practice 22 (3): 286–96. doi:10.1177/0115426507022003286. PMID 17507729.
- ^ Tucker, L.A.; Nokes, N.; Adams, T. (2007). "Effect of a Dietary Supplement on Hip and Spine BMD: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial: 1515: Board# 5 May 30 2: 00 PM-3: 30 PM". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39 (5): S230. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000273874.34214.2e. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ Pollard, M.; Heron, C. (2008). "Chapter 10: The Chemistry of Human Bone: Diet, Nutrition, Status and Mobility". Archaeological Chemistry (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 346–382. doi:10.1039/9781847558299. ISBN 978-0-85404-262-3.
- ^ Sadat-Shojai, Mehdi (2010). Hydroxyapatite: Inorganic Nanoparticles of Bone (Properties, Applications, and Preparation Methodologies). Tehran, Iran: Iranian Students Book Agency (ISBA). ISBN 978-600-102-092-6.
- ^ James C. Weaver; Garrett W. Milliron; Ali Miserez; Kenneth Evans-Lutterodt; Steven Herrera; Isaias Gallana; William J. Mershon; Brook Swanson; Pablo Zavattieri; Elaine DiMasi; David Kisailus (2014). "The Stomatopod Dactyl Club: A Formidable Damage-Tolerant Biological Hammer". Science 336 (6086): 1275–1280. doi:10.1126/science.1218764. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
- ^ How A Peacock Shrimp Packs A Punch. Chemical and Engineering News.
|
Phosphate minerals
|
|
| Crystalline |
- Beraunite
- Brazilianite
- Eosphorite
- Fluorapatite
- Hydroxylapatite
- Lithiophilite
- Metatorbernite
- Monazite
- Struvite
- Taranakite
- Variscite
- Wavellite
- Xenotime
|
|
| Cryptocrystalline |
|
|
| Amorphous |
- Santabarbaraite
- Scorodite
|
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