WordNet

a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light; the fifth most abundant element in the earths crust; an important component of most plants and animals (同)Ca, atomic number 20
a salt or ester of citric acid
cause to form a salt or ester of citric acid

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『カルシウム』(金属元素;化学記号は『Ca』)
クエン酸塩

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/07/13 22:39:05」(JST)

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Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is commonly used as a food additive (E333), usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor. In this sense, it is similar to sodium citrate. Calcium citrate is also used as a water softener because the citrate ions can chelate unwanted metal ions. Calcium citrate is also found in some dietary calcium supplements (e.g. Citracal). Calcium makes up 21% of calcium citrate by weight.

Chemical properties

Calcium citrate is an odorless white powder, practically insoluble in cold water.

Like citric acid, calcium citrate has a sour taste. Like other salts, however, it also has a salty taste. This should not be confused with the product commonly found in grocery stores labeled as "sour salt", which is simply powdered citric acid (which only resembles salt superficially).

Production

Calcium citrate is an intermediate in the isolation of citric acid from the fermentation process by which citric acid is produced industrially.^[1] The citric acid in the broth solution is neutralized by calcium hydroxide, precipitating insoluble calcium citrate. This is then filtered off from the rest of the broth and washed to give clean calcium citrate.

The calcium citrate thus produced may be sold as-is, or it may be converted to citric acid using dilute sulfuric acid.

Biological role

In many individuals, bioavailability of calcium citrate is found to be equal to that of the cheaper calcium carbonate.^[2] However, alterations to the digestive tract may change how calcium is digested and absorbed. Unlike calcium carbonate, which is basic and neutralizes stomach acid, calcium citrate has no effect on stomach acid. Individuals who are sensitive to antacids or who have difficulty producing adequate stomach acid should choose calcium citrate over calcium carbonate for supplementation. According to recent research into calcium absorption after gastric bypass surgery,^[3] calcium citrate may have improved bioavailability over calcium carbonate in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients who are taking calcium citrate as a dietary supplement after surgery. This is mainly due to the changes related to where calcium absorption occurs in the digestive tract of these individuals.

References

^ "Use of Lime in the Chemical Industry". National Lime Association. Archived from the original on 2006-09-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20060929115254/http://www.lime.org/ENV02/Other802.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
^ Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Bierman J, Hale CA, Bendich A (June 2001). "Absorbability and cost effectiveness in calcium supplementation". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20 (3): 239–46. PMID 11444420. http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/20/3/239. Retrieved 2009-11-03. | PMID 11444420
^ Tondapu, P. and Provost, D. and Adams-Huet, B. and Sims, T. and Chang, C. and Sakhaee, K. (June 2009). "Comparison of the Absorption of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Citrate after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass". Obesity Surgery 19 (9): 1256–1261. DOI:10.1007/s11695-009-9850-6. PMID 19437082. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u85x563466x6771u/abstract. Retrieved 2010-08-11.

External links

National Cancer Institute

UpToDate Contents

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1. 骨粗鬆症におけるカルシウムおよびビタミンDの補充 calcium and vitamin d supplementation in osteoporosis
2. 低カルシウム血症の治療 treatment of hypocalcemia
3. 慢性腎疾患における高リン血症の治療 treatment of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease
4. 思春期におけるカルシウムの所要量 calcium requirements in adolescents
5. 炎症性腸疾患における代謝性骨疾患 metabolic bone disease in inflammatory bowel disease

English Journal

Effects of hot boning and moisture enhancement on the eating quality of cull cow beef.

Pivotto LM, Campbell CP, Swanson K, Mandell IB.SourceDepartment of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.
Meat science.Meat Sci.2014 Jan;96(1):237-46. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.07.015. Epub 2013 Jul 17.
The effects of chilling method and moisture enhancement were examined for improving eating quality of semimembranosus (SM) and longissimus lumborum (LL) from 62 cull beef cows. Chilling method included hot boning muscles after 45 to 60 min postmortem or conventional chilling for 24 h. Moisture enhan
PMID 23916959

ESR studies on the thermal decomposition of trimethylamine oxide to formaldehyde and dimethylamine in jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) extract.

Zhu J, Jia J, Li X, Dong L, Li J.SourceCollege of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China. junlizhu0305@163.com
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Dec 15;141(4):3881-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.083. Epub 2013 Jun 27.
The effects of ferrous iron, heating temperature and different additives on the decomposition of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) to formaldehyde (FA) and dimethylamine (DMA) and generation of free radicals in jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) extract during heating were evaluated by electron spin resonance
PMID 23993561

Fiber hypertrophy and increased oxidative capacity can occur simultaneously in pig glycolytic skeletal muscle.

Scheffler TL, Scheffler JM, Park S, Kasten SC, Wu Y, McMillan RP, Hulver MW, Frisard MI, Gerrard DE.SourceVirginia Tech.
American journal of physiology. Cell physiology.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.2013 Dec 4. [Epub ahead of print]
An inverse relationship exists between skeletal muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and oxidative capacity, which suggests muscle fibers hypertrophy at the expense of oxidative capacity. Therefore, our objective was to utilize pigs possessing mutations associated with increased oxidative capacit
PMID 24304835

Japanese Journal

単純血漿交換療法における新たな方法 : FFP透析法の考案

中山友子,芝田正道,近藤敦子,檜垣洋平,吉田真理,小林利道,豊見山真智子,石井真佐隆,船木威徳,樋口千恵子,佐中孜,中川隆雄
日本アフェレシス学会雑誌 31(1), 63-69, 2012-02-29
新鮮凍結血漿(FFP)を置換液とした血漿交換療法(PE)における副作用,FFP中のクエン酸による低Ca血症への対策として,Ca製剤の投与や血液透析の併用がなされていたが,新たにFFP透析法を考案,使用した.FFP透析法は,FFPを透析してから置換液とする血漿交換療法で,装置はKM-8900を用いた.これにより,従来の血液透析併用法では不可能であった本装置の自動モードによる操作が可能となり,簡便かつ …
NAID 110009327456

高脂肪食ラットにおける体重と肥満に対するクエン酸カルシウムの影響

坂根直樹,小谷和彦,津崎こころ [他]
予防動物医学 4(1), 13-18, 2012-00-00
NAID 40019356418

Tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) roots secrete oxalic acid and caffeine into medium containing aluminum(Plant nutrition)

MORITA Akio,YANAGISAWA Osamu,MAEDA Setsuko [他],TAKATSU Satoshi,IKKA Takashi
Soil science and plant nutrition 57(6), 796-802, 2011-12-00
… The tea seedlings were then treated with simple calcium solution (0.2mM, at pH 4.2) containing AlCl_3, which ranged in concentration from 0 to 0.8mM, for 24hrs. … The amount of oxalate secreted into the medium increased as the external Al concentration increased, while the concentrations of malate and citrate in the medium remained unchanged. …
NAID 110009327354

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拡張検索	「calcium citrate lysine complex」
関連記事	「calcium」

「calcium citrate lysine complex」

Calcium citrate
	IUPAC name 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane- tricarboxylic acid calcium salt (2:3)
	Other names E333
Identifiers
CAS number	813-94-5 , 5785-44-4 (tetrahydrate)
PubChem	13136
ChemSpider	12584
EC number	212-391-7
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].O=C([O-])CC(O)(C([O-])=O)CC(=O)[O-].[O-]C(=O)C(O)(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O ;
	InChI InChI=1S/2C6H8O7.3Ca/c27-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h213H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;;3+2/p-6 ; Key: FNAQSUUGMSOBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-H InChI=1/2C6H8O7.3Ca/c27-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h213H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;;3+2/p-6; Key: FNAQSUUGMSOBHW-CYFPFDDLAZ ;
Properties
Molecular formula	Ca3(C6H5O7)2
Molar mass	498.46 g/mol (anhydrous); 570.5 g/mol (tetrahydrate)
Appearance	White powder
Odor	odorless
Density	1.63 g/cm3, solid
Melting point	120 °C (loses water)
Boiling point	Decomposes
Solubility in water	0.085 g/100 mL (18 °C); 0.095 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Solubility	insoluble in alcohol
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
Main hazards	Irritant
Related compounds
Other cations	Sodium citrate
	(verify) (what is: /?); Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
	Infobox references