bushel

　 　 　

WordNet

1. a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 pecks
2. a United States dry measure equal to 4 pecks or 2152.42 cubic inches
3. a basket large enough to hold a bushel
4. provide with a bushing
5. a large wilderness area

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. ブッシェル(8ガロン,約36リットル;乾量単位で穀物・くだものを量るのに用いる;《米》2,150.42立方イんち《英》2,219.36立方インチ) / 1ブッシェルなす(容器)
2. 〈C〉『低木』(たけが低く根元から多数の小枝が発生している木) / 〈U〉《the bush》未開墾地,森林地 / 茂る,密生する;〈毛髪などが〉やぶのようになる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/06/14 10:52:42」(JST)

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A full bushel is lower right represented by a basket.

This article is about the unit of measurement. For the surname and other uses, see Bushell.

A bushel is an imperial and U.S. customary unit of dry volume, equivalent in each of these systems to 4 pecks or 8 gallons. It is used for volumes of dry commodities (not liquids), most often in agriculture. It is abbreviated as bsh. or bu. In modern usage, the dry volume is usually only nominal, with bushels referring to standard weights instead.

Queensland Government Standard Imperial Bushel. Queensland Museum

Etymology

The name derives from the 14th century buschel or busschel, a box.

Precise definitions

• 1 U.S. bushel = 8 corn/dry gallons = 2150.42 cu in ≈ 35.2391 litre ≈ 9.30918 wine/liquid gallons. The original definition was the volume of a cylinder 18.5 in (46.99 cm) in diameter and 8 in (20.32 cm) high, which gives an irrational number of cubic inches, but later this bushel was redefined as 2150.42 cubic inches, about 1 part per million less.
• 1 imperial bushel = 8 imperial gallons ≈ 36.3687 litres ≈ 2219.36 cu in
• 1 bushel = 4 pecks
• 4 bushels = 1 coomb

Use as unit of weight

A table of weights from the secretaries of the different states, showing the number of pounds which their laws recognize as a bushel of different articles. c. 1854

Bushels are now most often used as units of mass or weight rather than of volume. The bushels in which grains are bought and sold on commodity markets or at local grain elevators, and for reports of grain production, are all units of weight. This is done by assigning a standard weight to each commodity that is to be measured in bushels. These bushels depend on the commodities being measured and the moisture content. Some of the more common ones are:

• Oats
  • USA: 32 lb = 14.5150 kg
  • Canada: 34 lb = 15.4221 kg
• Barley: 48 lb = 21.7724 kg
• Malted barley: 34 lb = 15.4221 kg
• Shelled maize (corn) at 15.5% moisture by weight: 56 lb = 25.4012 kg
• Wheat at 13.5% moisture by weight and soybeans at 13% moisture by weight: 60 lb = 27.2155 kg

Other specific values are defined (and those definitions may vary within different jurisdictions, including from state to state in the United States) for other grains, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, coal, hair, and many other commodities.

Government policy in the United States is to phase out units such as the bushel and replace them with metric mass equivalents.

The name "bushel" has also been used to translate non-US units of a similar size and sometimes shared origin, like the German "Scheffel".

History

The bushel was originally a measure of capacity for grain. During the Middle Ages, the bushel of wheat was supposed to weigh 64 tower pounds, but when the tower system was abolished in the 16th century, it was described as 56 avoirdupois pounds. The bushel was rarely used in Scotland, Ireland or Wales during the Middle Ages.

See also

• Winchester measure
• United States customary units
• Lamp under a bushel

References

External links

• U.S. Commercial Bushel Sizes for Agricultural Crops
• Conversion Tables & Formulas

English Journal

• Transcriptional responses to loss of RNase H2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

• Arana ME, Kerns RT, Wharey L, Gerrish KE, Bushel PR, Kunkel TA.SourceLaboratory of Molecular Genetics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
• DNA repair.DNA Repair (Amst).2012 Dec 1;11(12):933-41. doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.09.006. Epub 2012 Oct 15.
• We report here the transcriptional responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to deletion of the RNH201 gene encoding the catalytic subunit of RNase H2. Deleting RNH201 alters RNA expression of 349 genes by ≥1.5-fold (q-value <0.01), of which 123 are upregulated and 226 are downregulated. Differenti
• PMID 23079308

• Differential Transcriptomic Analysis of Spontaneous Lung Tumors in B6C3F1 Mice: Comparison to Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

• Pandiri AR, Sills RC, Ziglioli V, Ton TV, Hong HH, Lahousse SA, Gerrish KE, Auerbach SS, Shockley KR, Bushel PR, Peddada SD, Hoenerhoff MJ.Source1Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
• Toxicologic pathology.Toxicol Pathol.2012 Dec;40(8):1141-59. doi: 10.1177/0192623312447543. Epub 2012 Jun 11.
• Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in people and is mainly due to environmental factors such as smoking and radon. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) tests various chemicals and mixtures for their carcinogenic hazard potential. In the NTP chronic bioassay using B6C3F1 mice,
• PMID 22688403

• Sources of variance in baseline gene expression in the rodent liver.

• Corton JC, Bushel PR, Fostel J, O'Lone RB.SourceIntegrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. corton.chris@epa.gov
• Mutation research.Mutat Res.2012 Aug 15;746(2):104-12. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.017. Epub 2012 Jan 5.
• The use of gene expression profiling in both clinical and laboratory settings would be enhanced by better characterization of variation due to individual, environmental, and technical factors. Analysis of microarray data from untreated or vehicle-treated animals within the control arm of toxicogenom
• PMID 22230429

• Research resource: whole-genome estrogen receptor α binding in mouse uterine tissue revealed by ChIP-seq.

• Hewitt SC, Li L, Grimm SA, Chen Y, Liu L, Li Y, Bushel PR, Fargo D, Korach KS.SourceReceptor Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. curtiss@niehs.nih.gov
• Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.).Mol Endocrinol.2012 May;26(5):887-98. doi: 10.1210/me.2011-1311. Epub 2012 Mar 22.
• To advance understanding of mechanisms leading to biological and transcriptional endpoints related to estrogen action in the mouse uterus, we have mapped ERα and RNA polymerase II (PolII) binding sites using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing of enriched chromatin fragments. In th
• PMID 22446102

Japanese Journal

• <論説>カンザス州におけるグレインエレベーターの地域的展開と垂直的統合

• 地理学評論. Ser. A 74(12), 661-684, 2001-12
• NAID 110000521590

• 宋代の父老：宋朝専制権力の農民支配に関連して

• 東洋学報 / The Toyo Gakuho 81(3), 293-318, 1999-12
• NAID 120005701484

• Activation of Smooth Muscel α-Actin Promoter in ras-Transformed Cells by Treatments with Antimitotic Agents: Correlation with Stimulation of SRF: SRE Mediated Gene Transcription

• The journal of biochemistry 118(6), 1285-1292, 1995-12-01
• NAID 10005449182

• Activation of Smooth Muscle .ALPHA.-Actin Promoter in ras-Transformed Cells by Treatments with Antimitotic Agents: Correlation with Stimulation of SRF:SRE Mediated Gene Transcription.

• The Journal of Biochemistry 118(6), 1285-1292, 1995
• NAID 130003532730

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